Edgar Filing: Cellcom Israel Ltd.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20–F



REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016



TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to



SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report …………………………….

Commission file number 001-33271

CELLCOM ISRAEL LTD.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter
and translation of Registrant’s name into English)

ISRAEL

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

10 Hagavish Street, Netanya 4250708, Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Liat Menahemi Stadler, 972-52-9989595 (phone), 972-98607986 (fax), LIATME@cellcom.co.il, 10 Hagavish Street, Netanya 4250708, Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.01 per share		New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2016, the Registrant had outstanding 100,604,578 Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.01 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

☐ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the Registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒

Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant elected to follow.

Item 17 ☐

Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	5
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	5
Item 3.	Key Information	5
Item 4.	Information on the Company	28
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	74
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	74
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	104
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	132
Item 8.	Financial Information	136
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	139
Item 10.	Additional Information	142
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	155
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	157

	PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	157
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	157
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	157
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	158
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	158
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	159
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	159
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	159
Item 16F.	Change In Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	160
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	160
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	161

	PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	161
Item 18.	Financial Statements	161
Item 19.	Exhibits	162
Financial Statements		F-1

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introduction

In this annual report, “Cellcom,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cellcom Israel Ltd. and its subsidiaries. The terms “NIS” refers to new Israeli shekel, and “dollar,” “USD” or “$” refers to U.S. dollars.

Presentation of Financial and Share Information

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB").

Unless we indicate otherwise, U.S. dollar translations of the NIS amounts presented in this annual report are translated for the convenience of the reader using the rate of NIS 3.845 to $1.00, the representative rate of exchange as of December 31, 2016 as published by the Bank of Israel. The translation is for the convenience of the reader only, and it does not represent the fair value of the translated assets and liabilities.

Trademarks

We have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this annual report which are important to our business. We have omitted the “®” and “™” designations for certain trademarks, but nonetheless reserve all rights to them. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this annual report belongs to its respective holder.

Industry and Market Data

This annual report contains information about our market share, market position and industry data. Unless otherwise indicated, this statistical and other market information is based on statistics prepared by the Ministry of Communications of Israel, Brandman Marketing Research and Consultancy Institute, Sapio Research and Development Pyramid Research and Meida Shivuki C.I (survey institute). Industry publications generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. We have not independently verified the accuracy of market data and industry forecasts contained in this annual report that were taken or derived from these industry publications.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

We have made statements under the captions “Item 3. Key Information - D - Risk Factors,” “Item 4 – Information on the Company,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and in other sections of this annual report that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue,” the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including those factors discussed under the caption entitled “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors.” You should specifically consider the numerous risks outlined under “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors.”

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Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We assume no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as otherwise required by law.

Part i

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

You should read the following selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with the section of this annual report entitled “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report.

The selected data presented below under the captions “Income Statement Data” and “Balance Sheet Data” for, and as of the end of, each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2016, are derived from the consolidated financial statements of Cellcom Israel Ltd. and subsidiaries,. The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2016, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and the report thereon, are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, the related notes, and the joint independent registered public accounting firms’ report and the convenience translation of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 into U.S. dollars solely for the convenience of the reader.

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The information presented below under the caption “Other Data” contains information that partly is not derived from the financial statements.

For your convenience, the following tables also contain U.S. dollar translations of the NIS amounts presented at December 31, 2016, translated using the rate of NIS 3.845 to $1.00, the representative rate of exchange on December 31, 2016 as published by the Bank of Israel.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2012			2013			2014			2015			2016			2016
	(In NIS millions, except where indicated otherwise)															(In US$ millions)
Income Statement Data:
Revenues		5,938			4,927			4,570			4,180			4,027			1,047
Cost of revenues		3,463			2,990			2,727			2,763			2,702			703
Selling and marketing expenses		865			717			672			620			574			149
General and administrative expenses		629			570			463			465			420			109
Other (income) expenses, net		(4	)		(1	)		46			22			21			6
Operating income		985			651			662			310			310			80
Financing expense, net		259			246			198			177			150			39
Income tax		195			117			110			36			10			2
Net income		531			288			354			97			150			39
Basic earnings per share (in NIS)		5.34			2.89			3.51			0.95			1.47			0.38
Diluted earnings per share (in NIS)		5.33			2.86			3.48			0.95			1.47			0.38
Weighted average ordinary shares used in calculation of basic earnings per share (in shares)		99,481,487			99,495,525			99,924,306			100,589,458			100,604,578			100,604,578
Weighted average ordinary shares used in calculation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)		99,609,722			100,319,724			100,706,282			100,589,530			100,698,306			100,698,306
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash		1,414			1,057			1,158			761			1,240			322
Working capital		1,232			1,082			837			625			1,074			279
Total assets		8,787			7,579			7,240			6,278			6,662			1,733
Total equity		500			710			1,092			1,185			1,340			349

Other Data:
EBITDA(1)		1,753			1,335			1,282			872			858			224
Capital expenditures		537			384			487			396			382			99
Dividends declared per share		1.31			0.85			-			-			-			-
Net cash from operating activities		1,641			1,556			1,557			836			781			203
Net cash used in investing activities		(708	)		(344	)		(350	)		(96	)		(364	)		(95	)
Net cash from (used in) financing activities		(439	)		(1,569	)		(1,106	)		(1,136	)		62			16
Cellular Subscribers (in thousands)(2)		3,199			3,092			2,967			2,835			2,801			2,801
Churn rate of cellular subscribers(4)		31.5	%		36.8	%		44	%		42	%		42.4	%		42.4	%
Cellular ARPU (in NIS)(5)		88			78			72			65			63			17
Internet infrastructure - households (end of period) (in thousands)											95			163			163
TV - households (end of period) (in thousands)											63			111			111

(1)

EBITDA is a non-IFRS measure and is defined as income before financing income (expenses), net; other income (expenses), net (excluding expense related to employee retirement plans); income tax; depreciation and amortization and share based payments. We present EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period and company to company by backing out potential differences caused by variations in capital structure (most particularly affecting our interest expense given our significant debt), tax positions (such as the impact on periods or companies of changes in effective tax rates or net operating losses) and the age of, and depreciation expenses associated with, fixed assets. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income or other statement of operations or cash flow data prepared in accordance with IFRS as a measure of our profitability or liquidity. EBITDA does not take into account our debt service requirements and other commitments, including capital expenditures, and, accordingly, is not necessarily indicative of amounts that may be available for discretionary uses. In addition, EBITDA, as presented in this annual report, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies due to differences in the way that these measures are calculated.

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The following is a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2012			2013			2014		2015			2016		2016
	(In NIS millions)													(In US$ millions)

Net income		531			288			354		97			150		39
Financing expense, net		259			246			198		177			150		39
Other expenses (income),net (excluding expense related to employee retirement plans);		(4	)		(1	)		7		(3	)		8		2
Taxes on income		195			117			110		36			10		2
Depreciation and amortization		765			676			610		562			534		139
Share based payments		7			9			3		3			6		2
EBITDA		1,753			1,335			1,282		872			858		223

(2)

Cellular subscriber data refers to active subscribers. We use a six-month method of calculating our cellular subscriber base, which means that we deduct subscribers from our subscriber base after six months of no revenue generation and activity on our network by or in relation to the post-paid subscribers, no revenue generating calls or SMS for pre-paid subscribers and no data usage or less than NIS 1 of accumulated revenues for M2M (machine to machine) subscribers. The six-month method is, to the best of our knowledge, consistent with the methodology used by other cellular providers in Israel. In the fourth quarter of 2012 we removed approximately 138,000 M2M subscribers from our subscriber base, following the addition of the above revenue generation criterion for M2M subscribers. This change had an immaterial effect on our ARPU for 2012. In the fourth quarter of 2013, we removed approximately 64,000 subscribers from our subscriber base, following a change to our prepaid subscribers counting mechanism. As a result of such change, we add a prepaid subscriber to our subscribers base only upon charging a prepaid card and remove them from our subscribers base after six months of no revenue generating calls or SMS. Following each of these changes, we have not restated prior subscriber data to conform with this change.

(3)

Internet infrastructure subscribers and TV subscribers refer to active subscribers.

(4)

Churn rate is defined as the total number of voluntary and involuntary permanent deactivations of cellular subscribers in a given period expressed as a percentage of the number of cellular subscribers at the beginning of the period. Involuntary permanent deactivations relate to cellular subscribers who have failed to pay their arrears for the period of six consecutive months. Voluntary permanent deactivations relate to cellular subscribers who terminated their use of our cellular services. Churn rate data is excluding the above mentioned removals of subscribers.

(5)

Average monthly revenue per cellular subscriber (ARPU) is calculated by dividing revenues from cellular services for the period by the average number of cellular subscribers during the period and by dividing the result by the number of months in the period. Revenues from inbound roaming services and hosting services are included even though the number of cellular subscribers in the equation does not include the users of those roaming and hosting services. Inbound roaming services and hosting services are included because ARPU is meant to capture all service revenues generated by a cellular network. Revenues from repair services pursuant to a monthly subscription, or Subscription Repair Services are included because they represent recurring revenues generated by cellular subscribers, but revenues from sales of handsets (which for purposes of this report may include other types of cellular end user equipment, such as tablets), non-subscription repair services carried out on a random basis, or Random Repair Service and other services are not included. We and industry analysts treat ARPU as a key performance indicator of a cellular operator because it is the closest meaningful measure of the contribution to service revenues made by an average subscriber.

We have set out below the calculation of cellular ARPU for each of the periods presented:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2016
	(In NIS millions, except number of subscribers and months)										(In US$ millions)
Revenues		5,938		4,927		4,570		4,180		4,027		1,047
less revenues from equipment sales		1,356		942		1,005		1,048		994		258
less other revenues*		1,125		1,034		941		869		881		229
Revenues used in cellular ARPU calculation		3,457		2,951		2,624		2,263		2,152		559
Average number of cellular subscribers		3,291,843		3,135,857		3,034,946		2,898,987		2,832,407		2,832,407
Months during period		12		12		12		12		12		12
Cellular ARPU (in NIS, per month)		88		78		72		65		63		16

Other revenues include revenues from other communications services such as internet, transmission services, local and international landline services and repair services.

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Exchange Rate Information

The following table shows, for each of the months indicated, the high and low exchange rates between the NIS and the U.S. dollar, expressed as NIS per U.S. dollar and based upon the daily representative rate of exchange as published by the Bank of Israel:

Month	High (NIS)		Low (NIS)
September 2016		3.786		3.746
October 2016		3.856		3.758
November 2016		3.876		3.799
December 2016		3.867		3.787
January 2017		3.860		3.769
February 2017		3.768		3.659

On March 16, 2017 the daily representative rate of exchange between the NIS and U.S. dollar as published by the Bank of Israel was NIS 3.631 to $1.00.

The following table shows, for periods indicated, the average exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. dollar, expressed as NIS per U.S. dollar, calculated based on the average of the representative rates of exchange on the last day of each month during the relevant period as published by the Bank of Israel:

Year	Average (NIS)


2012		3.844
2013		3.601
2014		3.593
2015		3.887
2016		3.832

The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on our business and operations is discussed in “Item 11 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

D. RISK FACTORS

We believe that the occurrence of any one or some combination of the following factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Risks Related to our Business

We operate in a heavily regulated industry, which can harm our results of operations. In recent years, regulation in Israel has materially adversely affected our results.

A substantial part of our operations is subject to the Israeli Communications Law, 1982, the Israeli Wireless Telegraph Ordinance (New Version), 1972, the regulations promulgated thereunder and the licenses for the provision of different telecommunications services that we received from the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the Communications Law. The interpretation and implementation of the Communications Law, Wireless Telegraph Ordinance and regulations and the provisions of our general licenses, as well as our other licenses, are not certain and subject to change, and disagreements have arisen and may arise in the future between the Ministry of Communications, or MOC, and us. The Communications Law and regulations thereunder grant the Ministry of Communications extensive regulatory and supervisory authority with regard to our activities. The MOC has modified and may modify our licenses without our consent and in a manner that could limit our freedom to conduct our business and harm our results of operations. Frequent changes or changes made or on a timetable we cannot meet, to our licenses and legislation can increase the risk of noncompliance with our licenses or violation of such legislation and our exposure to lawsuits and regulatory sanctions. The MOC has the authority to impose substantial sanctions in the event of a breach of our licenses or the applicable laws and regulations and the authority to revoke them, in case we materially violate their terms.

Our licenses are limited in time and may be extended upon our request to the Ministry of Communications and its confirmation that we have complied with the provisions of our license and the applicable law, have continuously invested in the improvement of our service and network and have demonstrated the ability to do so in the future. Our licenses may not be extended when necessary, or, if extended, the extensions may be granted on terms that are not favorable to us.

Our operations are also subject to the regulatory and supervisory authority of other Israeli regulators which have the authority to impose criminal and administrative sanctions against us.

Further, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by new legislation and decisions by regulators or the courts that:

approve the annulment or further relaxation of the structural separation requirements imposed on the Bezeq communications group, given its monopolistic or duopolistic powers in all areas in which we compete, and also on the Hot communications group (though to a lesser degree, given that Hot already has substantial leniencies despite its monopolistic and duopolistic powers), more so if carried out before an effective landline wholesale market, which includes both telephony and infrastructure, is effected on both Bezeq's and Hot's infrastructure; do not set competition-inducing tariffs with respect to Hot's wholesale services or set other unfavorable regulation with respect to the landline wholesale market. See also "– We face intense competition in all aspects of our business" below and "Item 4. Information on The Company – B. Business Overview "-Competition";

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award our competitors certain benefits and leniencies not available to us, including through waiving, easing or not enforcing requirements set in their licenses, or not making similar demands or not imposing similar restrictions. See "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Competition", "– Government Regulations – Cellular Segment” and thereunder: – Mobile Virtual Network Operators" and "– Additional MNOs" and "Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment " for additional details;

do not renew our licenses or the allocation of our frequencies or limit our usage thereof or demand that we return frequencies allocated to us or not allow us to obtain additional frequencies, as such become necessary;

impose new safety or health-related requirements;

impose additional restrictions or requirements with respect to the construction and operation of cell sites or the networks, including in relation to site and network sharing or provide leniencies to our competitors;

impose restrictions or demand we meet additional requirements on the provision of services or products we provide or regulate or otherwise intervene with the terms under which we advertise, market or provide them to our subscribers, including in respect of existing agreements;

allow other operators to provide services previously provided only by us to our subscribers;

set higher service standards or costly requirements relating to the service we provide our customers, both in relation to our network quality and coverage and our customer service;

impose a stricter policy with respect to privacy protection, such as with regard to data protection, collection, amelioration, segmentation or usage of data, including for commercial activities by us or for the benefit of third parties; and

impose regulation on our OTT TV services, including the requirement to finance original productions or imposing unfavorable terms for the usage of the digital terrestrial television (DTT) broadcasting in Israel or applying such regulation to us and not to other OTT TV providers. See "– Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations ― Fixed-line Segment – OTT TV".

See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations ― Cellular Segment – Our Cellular License” and “– Fixed-line Segment - Fixed-Line Licenses”.

If we fail to compensate for lost revenues, increased expenses (objectively or in comparison to our competitors) or additional investments resulting from past or future legislative or regulatory changes with alternative sources of income or otherwise, our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

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We face intense competition in all aspects of our business.

The Israeli telecommunications market is highly competitive in many of its elements, including the cellular and ISP markets. The competition level has increased substantially in recent years, following the entry of additional competitors and regulatory changes alleviating entry barriers and transfer barriers. We entered the TV market through our OTT TV service in December 2014 and the landline infrastructure market, through the landline wholesale market, in the first half of 2015. In the other markets we operate in and specifically in the cellular market, price competition and erosion, high churn rate and high subscriber acquisition costs continue to materially affect our and other mobile network operators', or MNOs', revenues and profitability. The current level of competition in all the markets in which we operate and aggressive price plan offerings by our competitors may continue. See also the "Competition" section under “Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview","—Competition – Fixed-line Segment– Internet infrastructure and ISP Business" and "– Telephony Business". Should the current level of competition continue, it will continue to materially adversely affect our results of operations. Any of the following developments materializing in our market, may result in increased competition and a further materially reduced profitability for us:

our network sharing and hosting agreement with Golan Telecom Ltd., or Golan, or Golan's share purchase agreement with Electra Consumer Products Ltd., or Electra, are not completed, or any other development resulting in the loss of the revenues paid to us by Golan and our inability to compensate for such loss, such as Golan's insolvency and increased efforts by the other operators to recruit Golan's subscribers. For additional details, see "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements".

tariffs maintained at their current level or decreasing even further, including as part of a bundle.

an ineffective landline wholesale market, including due to the de facto exclusion of Hot's infrastructure, the de facto exclusion of telephony wholesale services, services provided not in line with the wholesale market criteria and not enforced by the MOC, unfavorable pricing harming our ability to provide competitive bundles and compete with the Hot and Bezeq groups or further escalation of the competition by Bezeq and Hot, given their dominance in the landline market, more so if the structural limitations on these groups are alleviated before an effective landline wholesale market is in effect. See "Item 4. Information on The Company –B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment – Landline" for additional details.

annulment or further relaxation of the structural separation imposed on each of the Bezeq and Hot groups as it will provide the Bezeq and Hot groups a competitive advantage, given their dominance in the landline telephony and infrastructure markets and TV market. See "Item 4. Information on The Company –B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment – Landline" for additional details.

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entrance of new competitors to any of the markets we operate in, or the entry of existing competitors to additional markets or segments where they are currently not or less active, or as a result of regulatory changes, allowing other operators to provide services currently provided only by us to our subscribers. See "Item 4. Information on The Company –B. Business Overview –– Competition".

the deployment or procurement of a widespread landline infrastructure by one of our competitors which currently do not own such infrastructure or its entry into cooperation with an operator which owns such infrastructure, if we do not procure or deploy such infrastructure ourselves or enter into cooperation to use such infrastructure. See "Item 4. Information on the Company –B. Business Overview –– Competition – Fixed-Line Segment".

regulatory changes facilitating even further transfer of costumers among operators.

the continued increased competition in the handsets market may result in decreased handset sales. See "-We may not be able to maintain current handsets sales revenues and profitability." below and "Item 4. Information on The Company –B. Business Overview – Competition – Cellular Segment" for additional details.

We may not be able to obtain permits to construct and operate cell sites.

We depend on our network of cell sites to maintain and enhance network coverage for our cellular subscribers. We also deploy and operate microwave sites as part of our transmission network. The construction and operation of these various facilities are highly regulated and require us to obtain various consents and permits.

We have experienced difficulties in obtaining some of these consents and permits, particularly in obtaining building permits for cell sites from local planning and building authorities. As of December 31, 2016, we operated a small portion of our cell sites without building permits or applicable exemptions and approximately 33% of our cell sites without building permits in reliance on an exemption from the requirement to obtain a building permit, mainly for radio access devices. Such reliance had been challenged and is awaiting the ruling of the Israeli Supreme Court. Under an interim order issued by the Supreme Court in September 2010, we are unable to rely on the exemption under cellular networks, other than to replace or relocate existing radio access devices under certain conditions, until regulations limiting such reliance are enacted or a different decision by the court is made. In 2017, the Ministry of Finance approved and is in the process of deliberations with other regulators on new draft regulations setting procedures for making changes in existing radio access devices including replacement thereof and for the construction of a limited number of new radio access devices exempt from building permits, but requiring certain municipal procedures. We cannot estimate what the final version of the regulations will be and whether they would alleviate or further burden the current procedures for making changes and constructing new radio access devices. If the regulations are enacted and the final regulations include significant limitations on the ability to make changes to and construct radio access devices based on such exemption, it may adversely affect our existing networks and our networks' build out.

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Additionally, District Court rulings adopted a narrower interpretation of 'rooftops' to which the exemption may be applied.

We also rely on the exemption for our rooftop microwave sites and signal amplifiers (known as 'repeaters'). It is unclear whether other types of repeaters require a building permit.

In addition, we may be operating a significant number of our cell sites in a manner that is not fully compatible with the building permits issued for these cell sites, which may, in some cases, also constitute grounds for termination of our lease agreements for those sites or claims for breach of such agreements.

Pursuant to the Israeli Non-Ionizing Radiation Law, 2006, the granting or renewal of an operating permit by the Commissioner of Environmental Radiation at the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Israel, or the Commissioner, for a cell site or other facility is subject to the receipt of a building permit or an exemption from such a permit. Should we fail to obtain building permits for our cell sites or other facilities, including in the event that our reliance upon an exemption from the requirement to obtain building permits for these cell sites and other facilities is found invalid, the Commissioner will not grant or renew our operating permits for those cell sites and other facilities.

Certain proposed amendments to the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law and Regulations and the Planning and Building Law propose setting additional restrictions in relation to the operation of cell sites and other facilities, such as setting larger distance requirements between cell sites locations and residences or certain institutions.

In June 2010, proposed changes to the Israeli National Zoning Plan 36, or the Plan, which regulates cell site construction and operation, were approved by the Israeli National Council for Planning and Building and submitted for the approval of the Government of Israel. The proposed changes, if approved, would place additional restrictions on the construction and operation of cell sites. Several local planning and building authorities are claiming that Israeli cellular operators may not receive building permits, in reliance on the current Plan, for cell sites operating in frequencies not specifically detailed in the frequencies charts attached to the Plan and have refused to provide a building permit in a number of cases. The proposed draft amendment to the Plan covers all new cell sites requiring a building permit, independently of the frequencies in which they operate. Most of our cell sites and many cell sites operated by other operators also operate in frequencies not specifically detailed in the Plan.

Operation of a cell site or other facility without a building permit or operating permit or not in accordance with the permits or other legal requirements may subject us and our officers and directors to criminal, administrative and civil liability, to eviction orders in respect of the cell sites in breach, revocation or suspension of the operating permit, as well as to withholding the grant of operating permits to additional cell sites or demolition orders. As a result, we may be required to relocate cell sites to less favorable locations or stop operation of cell sites.

If we are unable to obtain or rely on exemptions from obtaining or to renew building or other consents and permits for our existing cell sites or other facilities, or if any of the proposed changes noted above are adopted, it could adversely affect our existing network and its build-out, delay the deployment of our 4G network, negatively affect the extent, quality and capacity of our network coverage and our ability to continue to market our products and services effectively, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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For additional details see “Item 4.B – Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Permits for Cell Site Construction”.

We may be required to indemnify certain local planning and building committees in respect of claims against them.

Under the Israeli Planning and Building Law, 1965, by approving a building plan, local planning and building committees may be required to compensate for depreciation of properties included in or neighboring the approved plan.

As a precondition to obtaining a cell site construction permit from a planning and building committee, we are required to provide a letter to the committee indemnifying it for possible depreciation claims and have provided hundreds of such indemnification letters to local planning and building committees. Calls upon our indemnification letters may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We may also decide to demolish or relocate existing cell sites to less favorable locations or not at all, due to the obligation to provide indemnification. As a result, our existing service may be impaired or the expansion of our network coverage could be limited.

Alleged health risks relating to non-ionizing radiation generated from cell sites and cellular devices may harm our prospects.

Handsets, accessories and various types of cell sites are known to be sources of non-ionizing radiation emissions and are the subject of an ongoing public debate and concern in Israel, more so after the Israeli Ministry of Health published recommendations to take precautionary measures when using cellular handsets. While, to the best of our knowledge, the handsets that we market comply with the applicable legislation that relate to acceptable “specific absorption rate,” or SAR, levels, we rely on the SAR levels published by the manufacturers of these handsets and do not perform independent inspections of the SAR levels of these handsets. As the manufacturers’ approvals refer to a prototype handset, we have no information as to the actual level of SAR of the handsets throughout the lifecycle of the handsets, including in the case of handset repair. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Handsets”. In May 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an agency of the World Health Organization, or WHO, issued a press release classifying radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use. Although a later publication by the WHO (June 2011) noted that to that date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use and while an increased risk of brain tumors is not established, the increasing use of mobile phones and the lack of data for mobile phone use over time periods longer than 15 years warrant further research of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk, particularly given recent popular use by younger people with potentially longer periods of exposure. In September 2014, the Israeli Ministry of Health updated the possibly carcinogenic to humans elements list on its website, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer's classification. Moreover, increasing awareness of the possible risks of cellular phones usage, reducing usage thereof and introducing precautionary measures were the subject of several bills in recent years.

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Health concerns regarding cell sites have caused us difficulties in obtaining permits for cell site construction and obtaining or renewing leases for cell sites and even resulted in unlawful sabotage of a small number of cell sites and prompted proposed legislation aimed at increasing the minimum distance permitted between cell sites and certain institutions. Formal positions adopted by various Israeli government ministries with respect to radiation safety, include the 2009 position that cell sites constructed pursuant to a building permit are preferable to radio access devices, that 4G services involve some increase in the level of non-ionizing radiation the public will be exposed to and therefore should have limited permitted usage and that utilizing a cellular network to provide advanced services that can be provided through a landline network is not justified in light of the preventive care principle set forth in the Israeli Non-Ionizing Radiation Law.

If health concerns regarding non-ionizing radiation increase further, or if adverse findings in studies of non-ionizing radiation are published, non-ionizing radiation levels are found to be higher than the standards set for handsets and cell sites, we may be subject to health-related claims for substantial sums. Consumers may also be discouraged from using cellular handsets and regulators may impose additional restrictions on the construction and operation of cell sites or handset and accessories marketing and usage. As a result, we may experience increased difficulty in constructing and operating cell sites and obtaining leases for new cell site locations or renewing leases for existing locations, or be exposed to property depreciation claims; and we may lose revenues due to decreasing usage of our services and be subject to increased regulatory costs. We have not obtained insurance for these potential claims. An adverse outcome or settlement of any health-related litigation against us or any other provider of cellular services could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

The unionizing of our employees may impede necessary organizational and personnel changes, result in increased costs or disruption to our operation.

In February 2015, we entered a first collective employment agreement with the Company's employees' representatives and the Histadrut, an Israeli labor union, for a term of 3 years (2015-2017). The agreement defines employment policy and terms in various aspects, including payments to the employees, procedures relating to manning a position, change of place of employment and dismissal, including management's and the employees' representative's respective authority with regards to each. As a result, our day-to-day operations and our ability to execute organizational and personnel changes is more limited, cumbersome, costly and lengthy, as reflected in the voluntary retirement plans carried out in 2014 - 2016, and requires more management attention that would otherwise be available for our ongoing business. In January 2016, the Histradrut announced a labor dispute at the Company with respect to outsourcing and other employment issues. Although to date, we have not suffered any work stoppages or other disruptions to our operation, future disagreements with the employees' representatives, such as during negotiations in relation to the upcoming renewal of the agreement, may trigger such work stoppages or other disruptions to our operation and an adverse impact on our services or customer service, changes may fail to be executed or be executed in a materially different way than planned, resulting in substantially lower savings than expected or requiring materially increased employment costs. Furthermore, the renewed collective agreement may increase our costs even further and place grater limitations on our operations. Increased costs, inability or limited ability to make organizational and personnel changes, as well as work stoppages or other disruption to our operations and limitations on management's discretion, may damage the efficiency and quality of our operations, and may lead to damage to our reputation, increased customer churn, loss of market share and reduced profitability.

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We are exposed to, and currently are engaged in, a variety of legal proceedings, including class action lawsuits.

We provide services to millions of subscribers on a daily basis. As a result of the scope and magnitude of our operations, as well as the multitude of pricing plans for stand-alone and bundles of services, the large amount of usage data our information systems need to process and record with relation to our subscribers according to their respective pricing plans, the frequent and multiple changes to our operation and pricing plans due to regulatory changes or in response to the changing conditions in the markets in which we operate, and the involvement of thousands of sales and customer service representatives in the sale process and after sale contacts with our existing or prospective customers - all increasing the risk of discrepancies between a pricing plan and the information processed by our internal information systems occurring or inadequate information provided, despite our continued efforts to the contrary - we are subject to the risk of a large number of lawsuits, including class action suits by consumers and consumer organizations. Such lawsuits are filed with respect to billing and other practices, such as customer care practices, marketing, including mass media marketing as well as sending commercial messages to customers, data collection and usage practices, including for commercial purposes, offering practices of products and services, including third parties' products and services, and practices related to the provision of such services to our customers, such as disclosure requirements. In addition, with respect to practices governed by our licenses or other regulation, we are also subject to the risk of monetary and other regulatory sanctions. See "We operate in a heavily regulated industry, which can harm our results of operations. In recent years, regulation in Israel has materially adversely affected our results" above. These actions are costly to defend and could result in significant judgments against us. Recent years were characterized by a substantial increase in the number of purported class actions filed and approved in Israel in general, and also against us, the greater involvement of consumer organizations (by filing such suits, opposing settlement agreements and advocating the filing of lawsuits) and the Attorney General (opposing settlement agreements). All of this increases our legal exposure and our legal costs in defending against such suits, which as a result may materially and adversely affect our financial results. This trend is expected to continue. In addition to seven class actions approved against us to date, we have entered into several settlement agreements, mostly for immaterial sums, and are currently engaged in dozens of purported class action suits as a defendant, many of which are for substantial amounts. Should these requests to certify lawsuits against us as class actions be approved and succeed, this may have a material adverse effect on our financial results. For a summary of certain material legal proceedings against us, see “Item 8 – Financial Information - A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information –Legal Proceedings”.

Further, predefined damages (set forth in the Consumer Protection Law) for a discrepancy from a customer's pricing plan, remedied after the customer complained, may aggregate to substantial amounts if paid to numerous customers on multiple occasions.

We employ thousands of employees and are therefore subject to the risk of employee lawsuits, including class action suits by employees.

We are subject to the risk of intellectual property rights claims against us, in relation to our TV service and other content related services, including video, photographs, music, music-related or other content we purchase from third party content providers. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation, regardless of the merits of these claims. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages or may be required to obtain licenses for the infringing product or service, which, if in substantial sums, could harm our results of operations. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, we may be forced to stop using or selling the products and services. We may not have insurance coverage for these types of claims.

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Our operations are dependent on complex technology and information systems.

Our operations are dependent on a number of complex technological systems, including information systems. Our offering of bundles of cellular and fixed-line services increased the number of complex technological and information systems involved in providing service to our customers and in the billing process of our customers, resulting in some cases in cumbersome procedures, inefficient usage of resources and lack of uniformity. The occurrence of malfunctions in such complex and ever changing and expanding systems is inevitable. In addition, we are in the process of implementing one customer relation management, or CRM, system for both our cellular and fixed-line operations, which may result in larger expenditures than anticipated, require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for our ongoing business, or lead to unforeseen operating difficulties and malfunctions, which may lead to loss of revenues, legal claims and regulatory sanctions. A malfunction in any of our systems which severely impacts our ability to provide products and services to our customers or adequately bill them, may result in loss of revenues to us, may adversely impact our brand and service perception, and expose us to legal claims, all of which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We have experienced, and continue to experience, various forms of cyber attacks on a frequent basis. The unauthorized entry to or disruption of operation of our information systems, including due to cyber attacks, may result in damage to us and our customers. Such damages could include our inability to provide certain services without disruptions, if at all, our inability to bill for services rendered, loss of data to us and our customers or abuse of customers' data, all of which may expose us to legal claims and liabilities. Further, any successful attacks on our customers' information systems, protected by our data security products, may also expose us to legal claims and liability. We do not have insurance coverage for these types of claims.

There are certain restrictions in our licenses relating to the ownership of our shares.

Our cellular license restricts ownership of our ordinary shares and who can serve as our directors, as follows:

our founding shareholder, Discount Investment Corporation Ltd., or DIC (or its transferee or transferees, if approved in advance by the Ministry of Communications as “founding shareholders”), must own at least 26% of each of our means of control;

Israeli citizens and residents among our founding shareholders (or their approved transferees) must own at least 5% of our outstanding share capital and each of our other means of control;

a majority of our directors must be Israeli citizens and residents;

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at least 10% of our directors must be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents among our founding shareholders; and

we are required to have a committee of our Board of Directors that deals with matters relating to state security, which must be comprised of at least four directors (including an external director) having the requisite security clearance by Israel’s General Security Service.

If these requirements are not complied with, we could be found to be in breach of our license and our license could be changed, suspended or revoked.

As a result of a rights offering effected by IDB in February 2015 and the subsequent purchase of IDB shares previously indirectly held by Mr. Ben Moshe, one of IDB's controlling shareholders at the time, by corporations controlled by Mr. Elsztain, the other controlling shareholder, in October 2015, the control of IDB and consequently indirectly of us, has changed and required the approval of the Ministry of Communications, including in relation to the Israeli holding requirements included in our communications licenses since Mr. Elsztain is not an Israeli citizen and resident. In January 2017, the Ministry of Communications approved the transfer of control to corporations controlled by Mr. Elsztain, as well as an amendment to our cellular license, reducing the Israeli holdings requirement to 5% of our outstanding share capital and other means of control and an extension period (subject to certain requirements and ending July 2017) in order for us to comply with the updated provision. If we do not meet the Israeli holding requirement when due, we may face sanctions, which, according to the terms of our licenses, could include the suspension or revocation of our licenses.

In addition, our license provides that, without the approval of the Ministry of Communications, no person may acquire or dispose of shares representing 10% or more of our outstanding share capital. Further, our directors and officers and any holder of ordinary shares representing 5% or more of our outstanding share capital may not own 5% or more of Bezeq or any of our competitors or serve as a director or officer of such a company, subject to certain exceptions which require the prior approval of the Ministry of Communications.

To ensure that an unauthorized acquisition of our shares would not jeopardize our license, our articles of association provide that any shares acquired without approval required under our license will not be entitled to voting rights.

If our service is to be determined by the Israeli Government to be an “essential service”, the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Communications could impose additional limitations, including a heightened requirement of Israeli ownership of our ordinary shares.

Although our articles of association contain certain provisions that are aimed at reducing the risk that holdings or transfers of our ordinary shares will contravene our license, we cannot entirely control these and other matters required by our license, the violation of which could be a basis for suspending or revoking our license. Our other licenses contain similar restrictions. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Our Cellular License”.

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We may be adversely affected by the significant technological and other changes in the cellular communications industry.

The telecommunications market is known for rapid and significant technological changes and requires ongoing investments in advanced technologies in order to remain competitive. In recent years we have witnessed a growing demand for Internet, content and data through advanced third and fourth generation cellular phones, smartphones, modems, tablets and other devices using cellular data that resulted in a rapid and immense growth of data traffic on cellular networks and required cellular operators to upgrade their networks to accord such demand. Transfer of subscribers to unlimited packages of services and national roaming on our network have contributed to the substantially growing demand for data traffic on our network, as well as to voice and text messages. We estimate that data traffic will continue to rapidly grow in the future. To meet the growing demand for cellular data traffic, we are required, among other things, to continue our investment in our 4G network and the upgrade of our transmission network to allow larger capacity and higher data speed rates. In addition, since in order to provide optimal performance, our LTE network requires additional frequencies to those allocated to us under the LTE frequencies tender (as the Ministry of Communications concluded we can evacuate 12 1800MHz allocated to us for our 2G network, to be used by our LTE network), we have allocated an additional 1800MHz to our LTE network in areas where lower usage of our 2G network, together with advanced and modern equipment and software features, allows such allocation, with negligible adverse effect to our 2G network performance. We will further also enjoy additional 10 1800MHZ should our network sharing agreements with Electra and with Marathon 018 Xfone Ltd., or Xfone, become effective. If those frequencies will not be made available to us, our 4G network will have 15MHz at most (similar to Pelephone's network, unless Pelephone enters a network sharing agreement), whereas Partner and Hot's 4G combined network enjoys 20MHz, which may harm our competitive position. The Ministry of Communications is reviewing the possibility of replacing 850 MHz frequencies with 900 MHz frequencies, which, if effected, will require us to make substantial investments in our networks.

We may not be able to maintain current handsets revenues and profitability.

Handsets sales account for a substantial portion of our revenues and profitability. In recent years additional competitors have entered the handset market and increased the competition in this market. Additional changes to this market, including the entry of additional competitors, changes of distribution channels or customers purchasing habits, new legislation and decisions by regulators or the courts effecting our ability to market handsets or our profitability therefrom, may materially adversely affect our handset sales and profitability. See also "We face intense competition in all aspects of our business." above.

If we cannot obtain or maintain favorable arrangements with foreign telecommunications operators, our services may be less attractive or less profitable.

We rely on agreements with cellular providers outside Israel to provide roaming capabilities to our cellular subscribers in many areas outside Israel. We cannot control or compel the improvement of the quality of the service that they provide and it may be inferior or less advanced than the service that we provide. Some of our competitors may be able to obtain lower roaming rates than we do because they may have larger call volumes or can use more favorable agreements of their overseas affiliates. If our competitors’ providers can deliver a higher quality, more advanced or more cost effective roaming service, then subscribers may migrate to those competitors and our results of operation could be adversely affected, especially if the proposed amendment to our license, allowing other operators to provide roaming services to our subscribers, will be adopted. Favorable roaming arrangements also influence inbound roaming to our network. The entry of additional operators or the abovementioned proposed amendment to our license may increase competition in that respect as well.

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In recent years, roaming tariffs for our subscribers have decreased. If roaming tariffs continue to decrease, including as a result of the increasing competition or the changing regulation, this could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

We also rely on agreements with foreign carriers to provide international long distance, or ILD, services, as well as our international voice hubbing (providing ILD services to foreign operators) services. The risks detailed above in relation to roaming services, and possible effects of such risks, apply to the ILD and hubbing services as well. See "Item 4. Information on The Company – B. Business Overview – Fixed-line Segment – International long distance calling services".

Our substantial debt increases our exposure to market risks, may limit our ability to incur additional debt that may be necessary to fund our operations and could adversely affect our financial stability; regulatory change, market terms and our financial results may affect our possibilities to raise debt.

As of December 31, 2016, our total indebtedness was approximately NIS 4,069 million ($1,058 million), with our net debt at approximately NIS 2,547 million ($662 million). For additional details see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects. – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – General". The indentures governing our debentures currently permit us to incur additional indebtedness (subject in some cases to certain limitations). Our substantial debt could adversely affect our financial condition by, among other things:

increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry or business conditions, including increases in the Israeli Consumer Prices Index, or CPI, as approximately NIS 2,226 million ($579 million) is CPI linked

limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our industry and the economy in general;

requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt, thus reducing the funds available for operations and future business development, as well as for dividend distribution; and

limiting our ability to obtain, or resulting in less favorable terms and pricing for, additional financing to operate, develop and expand our business or for refinancing existing debt.

Israeli institutional investors must follow certain procedures and requirements before investing in non-governmental debentures. As a result, our series F through K indentures include certain limitations and covenants, including a covenant not to issue additional debentures if it involves a rating downgrade, certain financial covenants, negative pledge, cross default, limitation on the distribution of dividends, obligation to pay additional interest in case of certain rating downgrades (which occurred under our series F and G debentures in June 2013). For details regarding such limitations and covenants see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects. – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Debt Service". These limitations are expected to apply to any additional debt incurred by us. These procedures, limitations and covenants limit our freedom to conduct our business, may impose additional costs on us and may limit our ability to borrow additional debt from Israeli institutional investors as well as adversely affect the terms and price of such debt raising.

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Since 2011, we suffered a significant decrease in our operating results, following certain regulatory changes, intensified competition and price erosion (see "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Competition"). In May 2012 and in June 2013, the rating of our debentures was downgraded due to increased leverage and competitive pressure. This and any further downgrade in our rating, and any adverse change in our financial results, including any increase in our net leverage (defined in our series F through K indentures and other credit facilities as the ratio of net debt to EBITDA during a period of 12 consecutive months, excluding one-time events), may adversely affect the terms and price of debt raised, particularly through the issuance of debentures to institutional investors. The limitation on the ability of Israeli banks to lend money to us pursuant to the “Guidelines for Sound Bank Administration” issued by the Israeli Supervisor of Banks (as we are a member of IDB’s group of borrowers) may limit our ability to obtain additional financing to operate, develop and expand our business or to refinance existing debt.

See also the law for the promotion of competition and the mitigation of concentration under "Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares –Legislation in Israel affecting corporate conglomerates, could adversely affect us" below, which may adversely affect our ability to raise debt from Israeli institutional investors.

Our business results may be affected by currency fluctuations, by our currency hedging positions and by changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index.

A portion of our cash payments are incurred in, or linked to, foreign currencies, mainly U.S. dollars. In particular, in 2014, 2015 and 2016, payments denominated in, or linked to, foreign currencies, mainly U.S. dollars, represented approximately 20%, 24% and 14%, respectively, of our total cash outflow (including payments of principal and interest on our debentures). These payments included capital expenditures, some cell site rental fees, payments for roaming services and to equipment suppliers, including handset and set-top boxes and payments to content suppliers (for our OTT TV service). As almost all of our cash receipts are in NIS, any devaluation of the NIS against the foreign currencies in which we make payments, particularly the U.S. dollar, will increase the NIS cost of our foreign currency denominated or linked expenses and capital expenditures.

Furthermore, since the principal amount of and interest that we pay on our Series D, F, H and J debentures, are linked to the Israeli CPI, any increase in the Israeli CPI will increase our financing expenses and could adversely affect our results of operations. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Debt Service" for details.

We purchase derivative financial instruments in order to hedge part of the foreign currency risks and CPI risks deriving from our operations and indebtedness. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Changes in the fair value of such derivatives are recognized through our income statement upon occurrence. These differences in the derivative instruments' designation could result in fluctuations in our reported net income on a quarterly basis.

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We may not be able to fulfill our dividend policy in the future; implementation of our dividend policy will significantly reduce our future cash reserves.

In February 2006, we adopted a dividend policy targeting a payout ratio of at least 75% of our net income in each calendar year, subject to any applicable law, our license and contractual obligations and provided that such distribution would not be detrimental to our cash needs or to any plans approved by our Board of Directors. Our series F through K indentures and other credit facilities contain a covenant not to distribute more than 95% of the profits available for distribution according to the Israeli Companies Law, 1999, or the Companies Law, or Profits. Moreover, under such indentures and other credit facilities, if our net leverage (defined as the ratio of net debt to EBITDA during a period of 12 consecutive months, excluding certain one-time events) exceeds 3.5:1, we may not distribute more than 85% of our Profits and if our net leverage exceeds 4.0:1, we may not distribute more than 70% of our Profits. For additional details see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Debt Service". In addition, our license requires that we and our 10% or more shareholders maintain at least $200 million of combined shareholders’ equity. Dividend payments are not guaranteed and our Board of Directors may decide, in its absolute discretion, at any time and for any reason, not to pay dividends or to pay dividends at a ratio to net income that is less than that paid in the past. Since the fourth quarter of 2013, our board of directors chose not to declare dividends, given the intensified competition and its adverse effect on our results of operations and in order to strengthen our balance sheet. See “Item 8. Financial Information - A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information - Dividend Policy”.

Our dividend policy, to the extent implemented, will significantly reduce our future cash reserves and may adversely affect our ability to fund unexpected capital expenditures. As a result, we may be required to borrow additional money or raise capital by issuing equity securities, which may not be possible on attractive terms or at all.

If we are unable to fulfill our dividend policy, or pay dividends at levels anticipated by investors in our shares, the market price of our shares may be negatively affected and the value of our investors’ investment may be reduced.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for key equipment and services. We do not own our own infrastructure in the landline market and are dependent on infrastructure providers.

We depend upon a small number of suppliers to provide us with key equipment and services. For example, Nokia Networks Israel, or NSN, provides our network system based on LTE technology and GSM/GPRS/EDGE technology, our UMTS/HSPA core system, part of our radio access network and related products and services, and our landline New Generation Network system, or NGN system; LM Ericsson Israel, or LM Ericsson, supplies part of our radio access network and related products and services based on UMTS/HSPA technology and our OTT TV services platform; Alcatel Lucent Israel Ltd., or Alcatel Lucent, and Cisco Systems, Inc., or Cisco provide our Carrier Ethernet network and SDH equipment for our transmission network; and Be’eri Printers provides our printing supplies and invoices as well as the distribution, packaging and delivery of invoices and other mail to the postal service distribution centers. In addition, we lease a small portion of our transmission capacity from Bezeq, the incumbent landline operator. Our OTT TV services are further dependent on the Israeli Second Radio and Television Authority, the authority responsible for linear channels of the digital terrestrial television (DTT) broadcasting in Israel.

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We are further dependent on infrastructure providers for our ISP, ILD, landline telephony (using Voice over Broadband, or VOB, technology), broadband infrastructure (using the landline wholesale market) and OTT TV services. Those providers include Mediterranean Nautilus Ltd. and Mediterranean Nautilus (Israel) Ltd., or collectively Med Nautilus, which connects the Israeli internet network to the "entry points" of the global internet network, as well as Israeli telephony, via an underwater communications cable, and Bezeq and Hot, which provide broadband infrastructure in Israel. Since the launch of the landline wholesale market, we are dependent on Bezeq for the provision of our broadband infrastructure services as well. Should an effective telephony service be provided under the wholesale market and the wholesale market effectively apply to Hot as well, we would be dependent on them for such services as well. Bezeq has suffered labor disruptions, stoppages and slowdowns and has breached certain regulatory obligations in the equal provision of wholesale services to its retail customers or refused to provide them at all, and such occurrences may adversely affect us in the future as well. See also "Item 4. Information on The Company – B. Business Overview – Fixed-line Segment".

In addition, our cellular end-user equipment sales have been dominated in recent years by Apple and Samsung products, representing over half of our handset sales. See "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Cellular Segment – Handsets" for additional details. Altech Multimedia (Pty) Ltd., or Altech, provides our set-top boxes and Vubiquity Management Ltd., or VU, provides us international content and content operation services for our OTT TV services. RGE Group Ltd., or RGE, ONE Sport TV services Ltd., or One, and Charlton Ltd., or Charlton, each provides us with unique sports content.

In general, if these suppliers fail or refuse to provide equipment, content or services to us that meet requisite quality standards or on a timely basis, at unfavorable terms to us or provide our competitors more favorable terms and conditions, or if these suppliers fail to produce successful and desirable products or content when no equivalent alternatives are available or if a regulatory change prevents our OTT TV customers from using the DTT or condition such usage on unfavorable terms or degradation of service quality, we may be unable to provide services or products to our subscribers in an optimal manner until an alternative source, if one is available, can be found or the situation is rectified, which may harm our ability to compete and result in loss of customers and revenues or place our licenses at risk of revocation for failure to satisfy the required service standards and subject us to customers' lawsuits.

Our investment in new businesses involves many risks.

We have invested and expect to continue to invest in exploration and development of new business opportunities in order to extend and complete our capabilities and offerings, such as our OTT TV solution, which we launched in December 2014, and the potential investment or deployment of a wide-spread landline infrastructure, which we are assessing. Such endeavors may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including shift of management attention from our ongoing business, loss of focus of our sales and marketing efforts on our main businesses due to attention given to new businesses, insufficient revenues to offset liabilities assumed and expenses associated with these new investments, adversely affecting our cash flow, especially in businesses that require long term and fixed cost such as for the purchase of content for our OTT TV services, inadequate return of capital on our investments, regulatory changes which may impose additional burdens than planned, inability to effectively compete with incumbent providers or new competitors entering the market, and unidentified issues not discovered in our due diligence of such strategies and offerings, such as unforeseen operating difficulties and large expenditures. Because these new ventures are inherently risky, no assurance can be given that such strategies and offerings will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and operating results. Moreover, entry into such new ventures may trigger increased competitive pressure by the incumbent providers of competing services on our core business, aiming at preventing our efforts to compete with them at the relevant market, as triggered in December 2014 by Hot after the launch of our OTT TV services and Bezeq's refusal to market our ISP services (in violation of its license) as of the inception of the fixed-line wholesale market (which allowed us to compete with Bezeq in the internet infrastructure market).

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We are a member of the IDB group of companies, a large and highly regulated Israeli business group, which may limit our ability to expand our business, to acquire other businesses or raise debt. The effects on us of IDB's financial condition are unclear.

We are an indirect subsidiary of IDB Development Corporation Ltd., or IDB, a large and highly regulated Israeli business group. As of 2013, IDB's financial statements include a note regarding the existence of significant doubts as to its ability to continue as a going concern due in part to its liquidity condition. IDB's and DIC's financial condition could have an adverse effect on our debentures' rating or on the terms of any new debt raised. In addition, pursuant to the “Guidelines for Sound Bank Administration” issued by the Israeli Supervisor of Banks, the amount that an Israeli bank may lend to one group of borrowers and to each of its six largest borrowers is limited. Since we are a member of IDB’s group of borrowers, these guidelines may limit the ability of Israeli banks to lend money to us.

Under the Law for the Promotion of Competition and the Mitigation of Concentration, or the Concentration Law, competitive and control concentration factors, both of a certain market and generally, are to be taken into consideration prior to allocation of rights and granting of licenses or regulatory approvals, especially in public essential infrastructure assets (including in the communications field), by the relevant governmental authorities, to entities considered to be 'concentrated entities'. Being a subsidiary of IDB, we are included in the list of concentrated entities published annually to which such requirements apply. This may adversely affect the renewal of our licenses and allocation of additional frequencies to us, which would have an adverse effect on our business. See also "Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares – Legislation in Israel affecting corporate conglomerates, could adversely affect us" below.

Due to the limited size and high level of regulation of the Israeli market, and the communications market in particular, our being a member of the IDB group of companies may limit our ability to expand our business in the future, form joint ventures and strategic alliances and conduct other strategic transactions with other participants in the Israeli communications market.

We are controlled by a single shareholder who can significantly influence matters requiring shareholders’ approval.

As of December 31, 2016, DIC held, directly and indirectly, approximately 42.26% of our outstanding share capital and the voting rights in respect of an additional approximately 3.39% of our share capital, pursuant to shareholders agreements among DIC and certain of our minority shareholders. In addition to DIC’s shareholdings and such additional voting rights, it has the right to appoint the 10% of our directors that we are required by our license and articles of association to have appointed by Israeli citizens and residents among our founding shareholders. Accordingly, subject to legal limitations, DIC has control (as the term "control" is defined in the Israeli Securities Law, namely the ability to direct a company's activities) over all matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of our directors (other than external directors) and the approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership could delay or prevent proxy contests, mergers, tender offers, open-market purchase programs or other purchases of our ordinary shares that might otherwise give our shareholders the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price for our ordinary shares.

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Legislation in Israel affecting corporate conglomerates, could adversely affect us.

The Concentration Law, enacted by the Israeli parliament in December 2013, includes the following: (1) imposes limitations on the holdings by a significant corporation that is not in the financial sector in a significant corporation in the financial sector or the holdings of both kinds of corporations under common control and on the possibility of serving as a director in both a significant non-financial corporation and a significant financial corporation; (2) imposes a two layer limitation on the total number of reporting corporations (layers) in pyramidal structure (for existing pyramidal structures of three layers - after a transition period of six years and of four layers – after a transition period of four years); (3) requires that as of September 2014 and during the said transition period in companies that are third layer and up in a pyramidal structure - the majority of the board of directors be independent, as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, and that the number of external directors be half the number of the company's directors less one (rounded upward) but not less than two; (4) authorizes the Israeli Minister of Finance or bodies authorized by it to set limitations regarding the aggregate credit that may be provided by financial institutions to a corporation or a business group (defined as a controlling shareholder and the corporations under its control); and (5) sets additional procedures including involving the committee of mitigation of concentration designated to take into consideration competitive and control concentration factors prior to any allocation of rights and granting of licenses or regulatory approvals, especially in public essential infrastructure assets (including in the communications field), by the relevant governmental authorities. We are a third layer company in the pyramidal structure of the IDB group and are included in the list of concentrated entities published annually to whom such requirements apply. Accordingly, in September 2014 we changed the composition of our board of directors to accord with the requirements of the Concentration Law, and IDB and DIC have until December 2019 to cause us to cease being a third layer company. IDB and DIC have announced that they are reviewing possible ways to achieve this goal without having to forfeit control of us. There can be no assurance of how or when this would occur, if at all. In addition, the new procedures set in the law in relation to allocation of rights in public assets, could have an adverse effect on our ability to renew our cellular license or receive additional frequencies. The law may also adversely affect our ability to raise debt or other aspects of our business.

Risks Relating to Operating in Israel

We conduct our operations in Israel and therefore our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

Our operations, our network and some of our suppliers are located in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbors, Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group in the Gaza Strip) and Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group in Lebanon). Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade within Israel or between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. A substantial part of our network and information systems is located within range of missile strikes from the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. Any damage to our network or information systems may damage our ability to provide service, in whole or in part or otherwise damage our operation and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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More generally, any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations, including following termination of such conflicts, due to a decrease in the number of tourists visiting Israel. Such adverse effects may also occur due to the increasing criticism of Israel in the international community. Since the end of 2010 several countries in the region have been experiencing increased political instability which has enabled the development of extremist groups, which could threaten Israeli interests. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is suspected to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in areas that neighbor Israel, such as Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon. This situation may potentially escalate in the future to violent events which may affect Israel and us.

In addition, in the event that the State of Israel relinquishes control over certain territories currently held by it to the Palestinian Authority, we will not be able to provide service from our cell sites located in Israeli populated areas and on connecting roads in these territories. This may result in the loss of subscribers and revenues and in a decrease in our market share.

Our freedom and ability to conduct our operations may be limited during periods of national emergency.

The Communications Law grants the Prime Minister of Israel the authority, for reasons of state security or public welfare, to order a telecommunications license holder to provide services to security forces, to perform telecommunications activities or to establish a telecommunications facility as may be required for the security forces to carry out their duties. Further, the Israeli Equipment Registration and IDF Mobilization Law, 1987, also permits the registration of engineering equipment and facilities and the taking thereof for the use of the Israel Defense Forces. This law further sets the payment for use and compensation for damages caused to the operator as a result of such taking. Our general license also permits the Israeli Government, during national emergencies or for reasons of national security, to take all necessary actions in order to ensure state security, including taking control of our network, and requires us to cooperate with such actions. If national emergency situations arise in the future and if we are to be subject during such time to any of the foregoing actions, this could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and provide services during such national emergencies and adversely affect our business operations. Our other licenses contain similar restrictions. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Our Cellular License” and “– Fixed-line Segment – Our Fixed-line Licenses”.

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Provisions of Israeli law and our license may delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us, which could prevent a change of control.

The Israeli Companies Law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a merger proposal was filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days from the date that the shareholders of both merging companies approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company is required to approve a merger. Further, the provisions of our licenses require the prior approval of the Ministry of Communications for changes of control in our Company.

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when the time expires, tax then becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.

These provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us, even if such an acquisition would be considered beneficial by some of our shareholders.

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares

A substantial number of our ordinary shares could be sold into the public market, which could depress our share price.

Our largest shareholder, DIC, holds approximately 42.26% of our outstanding ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2016. The market price of our ordinary shares could decline as a result of future sales by DIC or other existing shareholders or the perception that these sales could occur. DIC sold approximately 1.7% of our outstanding shares outside the United States in 2013. Sales may be made pursuant to a registration statement, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, pursuant to the terms of a registration rights agreement or otherwise, or in reliance on an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, including the exemptions provided by Rule 144. Any decline in our share price could also make it difficult for us to raise additional capital by selling shares.

In addition, under our 2006 option plan and 2015 option plan, options are subject to vesting schedules but vesting will be accelerated upon certain events including any sale or other disposition of all, or substantially all, of our outstanding shares. As of December 31, 2016 we had 2,764,334 shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of options. See "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employment – E. Share Ownership –Share Incentive Plans".

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY

Our History

Cellcom Israel Ltd. was incorporated in 1994 in Israel. Our principal executive offices are located at 10 Hagavish Street, Netanya 4250708, Israel and our telephone number is (972)-52-999-0052. Our authorized U.S. representative, Puglisi & Associates, is located at 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204 Newark, Delaware 19711 and our agent for service of process in the United States, CT Corporation System, is located at 111 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10011.

In February 2007 we listed our shares on the NYSE and in July 2007 we dual listed our shares on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, and began applying the reporting leniencies afforded under the Israeli Securities Law to companies whose securities are listed both on the NYSE and the TASE.

DIC, a subsidiary of IDB, currently directly and indirectly holds approximately 42.26% of our share capital and the voting rights in respect of an additional approximately 3.39% of our share capital.

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, there has been no indication of any public takeover offer by any third party, in respect to our ordinary shares, or by us, with respect to another company’s shares.

On August 31, 2011, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the share capital of Netvision, a major Israeli ISP and ILD services provider, for a total consideration of approximately NIS 1.57 billion ($404 million).

In December 2014 and May 2015 we entered the TV and internet infrastructure markets, respectively, which completed our communications offering to include all communications services in Israel.

We hold a general license for the provision of cellular telephone services in Israel, granted by the Ministry of Communications in 1994 and valid until 2022. We also hold three unified general licenses for the provision of fixed-line services, granted by the MOC in 2015 and valid until 2025/2026.

In January 2017 we annulled the 2015 agreement for the purchase of Golan, one of the other four MNO's operating in Israel, after the regulators' refusal to approve it and continuous litigation with Golan due to Golan's repeated breaches of our agreements, including an attempt to renege on its obligation to pay us NIS 600 million plus VAT for past national roaming differences by December 2015 and Golan's violation of its obligation to pay us the agreed consideration for national roaming services. A successful mediation process held pursuant to our liquidation request against Golan, resulted in a mediation agreement between the Company and Golan, followed by Golan entering a share purchase agreement with Electra which simultaneously entered a 3G and 4G network sharing and 2G hosting services agreement with us; the aforementioned annulment of our 2015 purchase agreement of Golan; dismissal of legal actions filed by us and Golan against each other; and an agreement of a reduced monthly payment for national roaming services for a certain period. The mediation agreement further includes arrangements in case the share purchase agreement with Electra is not closed within a certain period, including a continuation of the mediation process and reduced monthly payment for national roaming services to be provided by us for a certain period and the right to resume legal actions, including with relation to the past national roaming payment difference. We cannot estimate what the chances of completion of such agreements are, or the impact of failure to complete such agreements on our ability to collect amounts owed by Golan or to generate future revenues from Golan. A substantial reduction of the future revenues from Golan will have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.

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For details of our network sharing and hosting agreements with Golan and Xfone, see B. Business Overview – Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements below.

Principal Capital Expenditures

Our accrual capital expenditure in 2014, 2015 and 2016 amounted to NIS 487 million, NIS 396 million and NIS 382 million, respectively. Accrual capital expenditure is defined as investment in fixed assets and intangible assets, such as spectrum licenses, rights of use of communications lines, cellular networks' enhancement and expansion and development of new products, set-top boxes for our TV services and routers for our landline services.

B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW

General

We operate in two main segments, “Cellular” and “Fixed-line”. The cellular segment includes the cellular communications services, end user cellular equipment and supplemental services. The fixed-line segment includes landline and long distance telephony services, internet infrastructure and connectivity services, television services, end user fixed-line equipment and supplemental services.

In the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated revenues of NIS 4,027 million ($1,047 million), EBITDA of NIS 858 million ($223 million), and operating income of NIS 310 million ($81 million). See note 1 to the table in “Item 3. Key Information – A. Selected Financial Data” for a definition of EBITDA. See "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects. – A. Operating Results – Overview –General".

The following table presents our number of subscribers in our main fields of operation and revenues for each of the last five years:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
Cellular subscribers (end of period) (in thousands)(1)		3,199		3,092		2,967		2,835		2,801
Internet infrastructure customers (households )(end of period) (in thousands) (2)		-		-		-		95		163
TV customers (households) (end of period ) (in thousands) (2)		-		-		-		63		111
Revenues (in NIS millions)		5,938		4,927		4,570		4,180		4,027

(1)

Subscriber data refers to active cellular subscribers. We use a six-month method of calculating our cellular subscriber base, which means that we deduct subscribers from our cellular subscriber base after six months of no revenue generation and activity on our network by or in relation to the post-paid subscriber, no revenue generating calls or SMS for pre-paid subscriber and no data usage or less than NIS 1 of accumulated revenues for M2M (machine to machine) subscribers. The six-month method is, to the best of our knowledge, consistent with the methodology used by other cellular providers in Israel. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we removed approximately 138,000 M2M subscribers from our subscriber base, following the addition of the above revenue generation criterion for M2M subscribers. This change had an immaterial effect on our ARPU for 2012. In the fourth quarter of 2013 we removed approximately 64,000 subscribers from our subscribers base, following a change to our prepaid subscribers counting mechanism. As a result of such change, we add a prepaid subscriber to our subscribers base only upon charging a prepaid card and remove them from our subscribers base after six months of no revenue generating calls or SMS. Following each of these changes, we have not restated prior subscriber data to conform to such changes.

(2)

Internet infrastructure and TV were launched in February 2015 and December 2014, respectively. Internet infrastructure subscribers and TV subscribers refer to active subscribers.

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For our network sharing and hosting agreements entered in 2016 and 2017, see "– Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements."

Services and Products

Cellular Segment

General

We are the largest provider of cellular communications services in Israel based upon number of subscribers and estimated market share as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we provided cellular communications services to approximately 2.801 million subscribers in Israel with an estimated market share of 27.5%. We offer a broad range of cellular services through our 2G, 3G and 4G network. These services include basic cellular telephony services, text and multimedia messaging, advanced cellular content and data services and other value-added services. We also offer international roaming services, a wide selection of handsets from various leading global manufacturers and repair services on most handsets we offer. Not all services are supported by all handsets or by all of our networks.

We offer our cellular subscribers a variety of usage and sector pricing plans and bundles combining cellular services with other communications services our group offers, such as ILD services. We offer two methods of payment: pre-paid and post-paid. Pre-paid services are offered to subscribers who pay for our services prior to obtaining them, usually by purchasing our “Talkman” pre-paid cards or “virtual” Talkman cards. Post-paid services are offered to subscribers who are willing to pay for our services through banking and credit arrangements, such as credit cards and direct debits. Price erosion and the marketing of unlimited packages have resulted in a constant decline in our pre-paid subscriber base. In line with regulation, our pricing plans do not include a commitment to purchase our services for a predefined period, other than in large business agreements.

Basic cellular services

Our principal cellular service is basic cellular telephony and data transfer, upload and download (in supporting handsets). Both are included in our "unlimited packages" price plans. In addition, we offer many other services with enhancements and additional features to our basic cellular telephony service, including voice mail, cellular fax, call waiting, call forwarding, caller identification and conference calling.

Data services can be used with handsets (in supporting models), cellular modems and tablets. We provide our customers with a variety of "internet data packages" for that purpose.

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We also offer both an outbound roaming service to our subscribers when traveling outside of Israel and an inbound roaming service to visitors to Israel who can “roam” on our network. As of December 31, 2016, we had commercial roaming relationships with 551 operators in 180 countries based on the standard agreements of the GSM organization (an umbrella organization in which all the cellular operators operating with GSM technology are members). In addition, as of December 31, 2016, we had 3G roaming arrangements with 368 of these operators in 114 countries (some of them for 4G as well), enabling our 3G and 4G roamers to use data services in the respective countries and visiting roamers in Israel of these operators to use our 3G and 4G services, respectively.

Value-added services

In addition to basic cellular telephony and data services, we offer many value-added services, such as SMS and MMS, cloud backup and content services such as "Cellcom Volume" our new upgraded music application and "Cellcom tv" application. SMS is included in our "unlimited packages". We offer those services that we believe are likely to be popular with subscribers and benefit our business. Some of the value-added services that we offer are available only to subscribers who have supporting handset models and some are offered only to business subscribers.

To our business subscribers we also offer multi SMS, M2M, "Double Net" services allowing combined usage of cellular and landline networks in order to insure continuous service, work force management and vehicles management applications. We are constantly considering and evaluating the possibility of introducing additional products and services to our customers. Those include IOT (internet of things) solutions such as "smart city" end-to-end solution trials.

Handsets

We sell a wide selection of handsets (which for purposes of this report may include other types of communications end-user equipment, such as tablets) designed to meet individual preferences. Prices of handsets vary based on handset features and special promotions. We offer a variety of installment plans for handsets and discounts for short term installment plans, although in most cases, handsets are to be paid for in 36 monthly installments. We offer a variety of handsets from world-leading brands such as Apple, LG, Samsung and Sony. The vast majority of our handset sales in 2016 have been by Apple and Samsung. The handset models we sell offer Hebrew language displays in addition to English, Arabic and Russian (in most of the models). We are also required to provide cellular services to subscribers who did not purchase their handsets from us, provided that the handset model complies with the standards set by the Ministry of Communications. For details regarding end user equipment repair services see "Customer Care" below.

We also sell modems and tablets to promote our data services. In addition, we sell added value products to our customers, such as smart watches.

Fixed line Segment

Our main fixed line services include our internet infrastructure (based on the landline wholesale market) and ISP services, OTT TV services, ILD services and landline telephony services. We also offer landline transmission and data services to selected business customers and telecommunications operators, using our approximately 1,800 kilometers of inland fiber-optic infrastructure and complementary microwave links, IP switchboard services and operation and management of business telecommunications systems. Additional services include cloud services and data protection products solutions based on products and services offered by us and by third party vendors.

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Internet infrastructure and ISP

We are a major provider of internet connectivity services. Prior to the formation of the landline wholesale market, the Israeli internet market was characterized by a separation between the internet infrastructure providers (mainly Bezeq and Hot) and the internet connectivity service providers. Consequently, the internet customer was required to enter into a contractual arrangement with both types of these providers. The infrastructure provider is responsible for the connection of the customer from his computer or other device to the infrastructure provider's operator. The internet service provider is responsible for providing access to the customer from the infrastructure provider's operator, through its own operator, to the local and global internet network. As of May 2015, following the inception of the landline wholesale market, we (and other operators) provide end-to-end internet service (infrastructure and connectivity) using Bezeq's infrastructure. We sell internet infrastructure services bundled with internet connectivity, as well as with our other services. For details regarding the landline wholesale market see "Business Overview – Competition – Fixed-line Segment – Landline" and "Government Regulation – Fixed-line Segment – Landline" above.

As of December 31, 2016, we provide ISP services to approximately 638,000 households and we estimate our market share to be 25%, and we provide Internet infrastructure services, based on the wholesale landline market, to approximately 163,000 households.

In addition, we offer our internet subscribers value added services, such as data protection services to our private subscribers and connectivity integration solutions and global communications solutions to our business customers, including firewalls, anti-virus and anti-spam software, overseas internet connectivity services and server hosting services. In addition, we provide ISP services that offer the ability to filter the content viewed by the internet users. We are constantly considering and evaluating the possibility of introducing additional products and services to our customers, such as IOT solutions.

OTT TV services

As of December 2014, we also offer OTT-TV services, branded 'Cellcom tv' to private customers. Cellcom tv is an hybrid OTT-DTT TV service provided to the Israeli market. The service includes a set-top box that enables linear channels, including based on the Israeli digital terrestrial television (DTT) broadcasting, and Video on Demand library subscription (SVoD) that can be also accessed by smartphones, tablets, Smart TV and Apple TV (TV anywhere), access to internet video content from selected internet sites, music streaming service and additional advanced features such as personal video recorder, VoD playlist channels, for a highly competitive price. Our VoD catalogue and linear channels offer international and local content from top content suppliers. As of December 31, 2016, we provide OTT TV services to approximately 111,000 households.

ILD services

We are one of the major players in the Israeli ILD market. Our principal service in the ILD market is the provision of outgoing and incoming telephone calls with substantially worldwide coverage. We provide these services mostly to post-paid customers, but also to pre-paid customers mainly through the sale of calling cards. Most of the customers of the pre-paid services are foreign workers who reside in Israel.

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In addition, we provide "Hubbing" services to non-Israeli international operators. Hubbing services are bridging services between two non-Israeli international operators. Such services are provided by us where there is no direct connection between two non-Israeli international operators or where pricing differences in different locations make such bridging service desirable.

Landline telephony services

We offer advanced, voice and data landline services to selected business customers. We also offer basic landline telephony services to private customers by VOB technology. Landline telephony service enables an end user to conduct a telephone conversation with another end user who uses either another landline or a cellular telephone or computer, either in Israel or overseas.

We estimate that our current market share in the Israeli landline telephony market is not material.

Networks and Infrastructure

Cellular Segment

General

We have built an extensive, durable and advanced cellular network system, enabling us to offer high-quality services to substantially the entire Israeli populated territory, while using a cost-effective design, utilizing shared components for our networks, where applicable. We seek to satisfy quality standards that are important to our subscribers, such as high voice quality, high data throughput rate, low “blocked call” rate (average rate of call attempts that fail due to insufficient network resources), low “dropped call” rate (average rate of calls that are terminated not in the ordinary course) and deep indoor coverage. Therefore, we have made substantial capital expenditures and expect to continue to make substantial capital expenditures on our network system.

Cellular Infrastructure

Our cellular network has developed over the years since we commenced our operations in 1994.

Our “fourth generation” LTE, or Long Term Evolution technology, was launched in August 2014, offers data throughput of up to 112 Mbps on the downlink path and up to 37 Mbps on the uplink path (voice services are provided through our 3G network). Our LTE network covers most of the population of Israel and in 2017 we intend to continue the deployment of this network in order to enable higher data throughput rate. The average throughput indicator is not set in our license.

Our “third generation” UMTS/HSPA+, or high-speed packet data access, technology, offers full interactive multimedia capabilities with current data rates of up to 42 Mbps on the downlink path and up to 5 Mbps on the uplink path. In 2017 we intend to continue to support the increasing demand for data traffic, while maintaining its quality of services. This network, considered to be a “3.9” technology, uses the same core as our GSM/GPRS/EDGE network and covers substantially all of the populated territory in Israel. Moreover, our UMTS/HSPA+ network supports types of services that require higher throughput and lower delay, such as video conferencing, and provides an adequate fallback for our LTE network by means of smart features and network load sharing.

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Our “second generation” GSM/GPRS/EDGE 1800MHz network allows for voice calls, data transmission and multimedia services, although at slower speeds than our LTE and UMTS/HSPA+ networks, and covers substantially all of the populated territory in Israel. Our GSM/GPRS/EDGE technology is an advanced second-generation technology and considered to be a “2.75G” technology. It enables us to deliver multimedia and services at speed rates that are higher than the rates offered through regular “second generation” digital cellular technology. Packet data rates vary from 50 Kbps to 200 Kbps, depending mainly on handset capabilities. In addition, in the case of coverage gaps and for voice services supported by our GSM/GPRS/EDGE technology, the network provides a partial voice fallback for our LTE and UMTS networks. Most of our traffic uses the UMTS/HSPA+ network with a continuous growth of data using our LTE network.

Our primary objective going forward is to continue deploying our LTE network and to continue to support the increasing demand for data traffic of our high speed UMTS/HSPA+ network. At the same time we intend to continue to perform extensive optimization work to provide our subscribers with maximum capability to support video and other broad-bandwidth content. See "Item 3. Risk Factors – We may be adversely affected by significant technological and other changes in the cellular communications industry ".

We provide wire-line connectivity for our cellular network mainly through our independent transmission network (based on our fiber-optic network and complementary microwave infrastructure), in substantially all of the populated territory of Israel. We lease complementary capacity from Bezeq. For additional details regarding our transmission network see "- Fixed-line segment – Fixed-line Infrastructure" below.

Pursuant to the requirements of our license (as well as the licenses of the other telephony service providers in Israel), our cellular network is interconnected, either directly or indirectly, to the networks of all other telephony service providers in Israel. Our network monitoring system provides around-the-clock surveillance of our entire network. The network operations center is equipped with sophisticated systems that constantly monitor the status of all switches and cell sites, identify failures and dispatch technicians to resolve problems. Operations support systems are utilized to monitor system quality and identify devices that fail to meet performance thresholds. These same platforms generate statistics on system performance such as dropped calls, blocked calls and handoff failures. Our network operations center is located in our Netanya headquarters. In addition, we have a duplicate back-up center in a separate location and a disaster recovery plan, or DRP, for all our engineering systems. The DRP also provides our network with additional advantages, including increased capacity and also provides us better durability and resilience. We also adopted a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan to ensure our ability to continue our operation in emergency situations in accordance with our license.

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Spectrum allocation

Spectrum availability in Israel is limited and is allocated by the Ministry of Communications through a licensing process. We have been allocated 2 bands of 10 MHz in the 850 MHz frequency band previously used by our TDMA network and currently by our UMTS/HSPA base stations, 2 bands of 20 MHz in the 1800 MHz frequency band, 5 - 15 MHz (varying dependent on usage required in different areas), which are used by our LTE network and our GSM/GPRS/EDGE network (varying dependent on usage required in different areas) and 2 bands of 10 MHz in the 2100 MHz frequency band used by our UMTS/HSPA network. We believe that our available spectrum is sufficient for our current needs.

Out of the 20 1800 MHz, 3MHz were allocated to us in August 2015 by the Ministry of Communications for 4G technologies (such as LTE, LTE Advanced). Unlike our other frequencies allocated to us for the duration of our license, these frequencies were awarded to us for a period of 10 years only.

Execution of our network sharing and hosting agreements will provide us with additional 2X10 MHz in the 1800 MHz frequency band and 2X10 MHz in the 2100 MHz frequency band. See "– Network sharing agreements" for additional details.

The Ministry of Communications is reviewing the possibility of replacing 850 MHz frequencies with 900 MHz frequencies, which, if effected, will require us to make substantial investments in our networks.

Cell site construction and licensing

We construct cell sites based on our strategy to expand the geographical coverage and improve the quality of our network and as necessary to replace cell sites that need to be removed. Our acquisition teams survey the area in order to identify the optimal location for the construction of a cell site. In urban areas, this would normally be building rooftops. In rural areas, masts are usually constructed. Our transmission teams also identify the best means of connecting the base station to our network, based on our independent transmission network, either by physical optical fiber, microwave link or Bezeq landlines. Once a preferred site has been identified and the exact equipment configuration for that site decided, we begin the process of obtaining all necessary consents and permits. The construction of cell sites requires building permits from local or regional authorities, or an applicable exemption, as well as a number of additional permits from governmental and regulatory authorities, such as construction and operating permits from the Ministry of Environmental Protection in all cases, permits from the Civil Aviation Authority in most cases and permits from the Israeli Defense Forces in some cases. In special circumstances, additional licenses are required. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Permits for Cell Site Construction.”

Network sharing agreements

In July 2016, we entered a 4G network sharing and 2G and 3G hosting services agreement with Xfone, or the Xfone Agreement, which was awarded 4G frequencies in the 2015 frequencies tender and has not entered the cellular market yet. In January 2017, we entered a 3G and 4G network sharing and 2G hosting services agreement with Electra (which will apply to Golan when owned by Electra), or the Golan Agreement, and Electra simultaneously entered an agreement with Golan and Golan's shareholders to purchase Golan's share capital, or the Share Purchase Agreement by Electra or SPAE.

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The main provisions of the Xfone Agreement and the Golan Agreement include the following:

Both agreements are preconditioned by the receipt of any required regulatory approval, including from the Antitrust Commissioner and the Ministry of Communications. The Golan Agreement is also conditioned upon the closing of the SPAE (which is also subject to regulatory approvals).

Network sharing – the parties will cooperate in the development of a shared network (as applicable), which will use both parties' relevant frequencies, to be operated by a separate, newly created entity, or NewCo, that will be equally owned by the parties. Each of us and the sharing party/parties will hold the active elements of the shared network in equal parts and will grant each other and NewCo an indefeasible right of use, or IRU, in their active elements of the shared network. To that end, the sharing party / parties will purchase and hold equal shares of the active elements of the shared network owned by us prior to a certain date. Future ongoing investments in such active elements will be equally borne by the parties. Each party will purchase and operate its own core network. We will further provide the sharing parties and NewCo an IRU to our passive elements of the shared networks. We will provide services to NewCo as a subcontractor.

Hosting services – We will provide Xfone hosting services in relation to our 2G and 3G networks and to Golan hosting services in relation to our 2G network.

Term – the agreements are for a term of ten years (the Xfone Agreement - commencing from the earlier of the commercial launch of cellular services by Xfone or 12 months following the receipt of regulatory approvals for the agreement ("the Xfone Agreement Effective Date")), and will be extended for additional periods, unless either party notifies otherwise. The termination of the Golan Agreement prior to the lapse of the first 10 years due to a breach by Golan will entitle us to liquidated damages of NIS 600 million plus VAT.

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Consideration –

The average annual consideration to be received by us under the Golan Agreement (starting with lower annual payments and increasing over the term) is expected to be in a range of approximately NIS 210-220 million plus VAT, depending on Golan's number of subscribers and their usage of the shared network and our 2G network. Such consideration includes the following components:

its share of the active elements of the existing 3G and 4G network owned by us and minimum future investment by Golan in active elements of the shared network;

IRU to the passive network; and

operating costs of the shared network and the 2G network (both active and passive), to include a fixed component to be borne equally by the parties, subject to certain discount arrangements dependent on the number of Golan's subscribers, and a variable component to be borne by the parties according to the parties' relative usage of data by their respective subscribers.

The consideration for us under the Xfone Agreement includes substantially similar arrangements (mutatis mutandis to its sharing and hosting agreement), but Xfone will be entitled to a discount according to which the said payments for the IRU to the passive elements and its share of the operating costs will be replaced during a period of up to 5 years from the Xfone Agreement Effective Date with a monthly payment per subscriber to us of NIS 25 in the first year, NIS 27.5 in the second year and NIS 30 thereafter, plus VAT, but in any case not less than certain minimum annual amounts (ranging between NIS 20 million in the first year and NIS 110 million in the fifth year).

The agreements include standard stipulations as well as certain arrangements for separation of the parities and adding another sharing party. In addition to standard termination causes, Xfone may terminate its agreement by prior written notice if it decides to cease operating in the cellular market in Israel.

The Golan Agreement includes the following arrangements as well:

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Loan – Upon closing of the SPAE, we will lend Golan the sum of NIS 130 million for a period of 10 years to be repaid in 6 semi-annual equal installments beginning in the 8th year of the term (interest and CPI differentials to be accrued and will be paid as of in the 6th year). The loan will be guaranteed by a second degree floating charge on Golan's assets and rights (excluding certain exceptions) or an equivalent guaranty.

Interim Period – The Golan Agreement includes arrangements in relation to a possible interim period commencing upon the closing of the SPAE, if closed prior to the receipt of regulatory approvals of the agreement, and until the closing of the agreement. Those include the continued exclusive purchase of national roaming services by Golan from us, for a consideration equal to that stipulated under the agreement as well as an agreed compensation in the sum of NIS 600 million plus VAT in the event such purchase is stopped other than following closing of the Agreement.

Resolution of the previously reported differences regarding past national roaming payments.

In October 2016, the Israeli Antitrust Commissioner approved the Xfone Agreement, subject to the annulment of a certain provision.

In February and March 2017, we agreed on certain amendments to these agreements including certain immaterial discounts out of the agreements' consideration. We, Xfone and Electra have further entered another agreement, combining the 4G network sharing arrangements of the Xfone agreements and the Electra agreement into one three-way agreement.

In March 2017, the Antitrust Commissioner and the Ministry of Communications approved the Golan Agreement and SPAE.

We cannot estimate the likelihood or timing of Xfone entering the cellular market.

We cannot estimate the likelihood of approval of the Xfone Agreement by the Ministry of Communicatoins and completion of all such agreements, or the impact of failure to complete the Electra/Golan agreements on our ability to collect amounts owed by Golan or to generate future revenues from Golan. A substantial reduction of the future revenues from Golan would have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.

The 2014 co-operation agreement regarding maintenance services for passive elements of cell sites with Pelephone will not be executed.

Fixed-line Segment

Fixed-line infrastructure

We launched our SDH transmission network in 1999 and it covers substantially all of the populated areas in Israel. We launched our Carrier Ethernet network in 2010 and it covers substantially all of the populated areas in Israel. In 2015 we launched an MBH network intended to support all our cellular traffic. In 2017 we intend to migrate the majority of our cellular sites to this new network.

Our transmission network enables us to provide our customers with telephony and high speed and high quality transmission and data services and provides us with our own wireline connectivity / backhaul services for our cellular and landline network in substantially all of the populated territory of Israel while reducing our need to lease capacity from Bezeq, the incumbent landline operator in Israel.

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Our optical transmission network is strategically deployed in order to cover the major portion of Israel’s business parks from Nahariya in the north to Beer Sheva in the south and Afula and Jerusalem in the east, consisting of approximately 1,800 kilometers. The fiber-optic network is monitored by a fault-management system that performs real-time monitoring in order to enable us to provide our subscribers with high quality service. In order to efficiently complete our transmission network’s coverage to substantially the entire country, we use a microwave network as a complementary solution in those areas that are not served by our fiber-optic network. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2,720 microwave links to both our cell sites and our landline and transmission subscribers.

In 2016, we continued to expand our Carrier Ethernet network and our ISP network backbone in Israel and abroad in order to support growing demand for capacity, upgraded the capabilities and capacity of our customer Quality of Experience systems and upgraded and improved the capabilities of our central system for the protection of our network against cyber attacks.

Our internet infrastructure is currently comprised of connectivity sites in two locations in Israel (Haifa and Petah-Tikvah), which provide our customers, through overseas connectivity points in London and Frankfurt, with connectivity to the global internet network. This internet infrastructure contains backup capability in order to ensure continuity of service.

Additional transmission capacity required for our fixed line services to business customers is leased from Bezeq and Hot.

Suppliers

In April 2014, we entered a framework agreement with NSN Israel, of Nokia Networks group, a worldwide leading network manufacturer, for the purchase of an LTE network, which also supports LTE Advanced technology (4.5 generation) and related services. This agreement will also govern the purchase and services provided under our previous agreement with NSN, in relation to our GSM/GPRS and EDGE networks, UMTS core system and a UMTS/HSPA radio access network and related products and services. We have an option to purchase maintenance services on an annual basis until March 2030.

We entered into an agreement with LM Ericsson in September 2005 for the purchase of UMTS radio access network and ancillary products and services and in December 2011 for the purchase of upgraded UMTS /HSPA products and related services. We have an option to purchase additional maintenance services on an annual basis until 2026.

We use Telcordia’s (which was acquired by Ericsson) intelligent platform, or IN, to provide services to our networks, allowing us, at minimal cost, to internally develop sophisticated services with a short time-to-market that are customized to local market requirements. Our IN platform supports all relevant IN protocols, which allows us to provide (subject to applicable roaming agreements) advanced roaming services, including Virtual Home Environment, abbreviated dialing, unified access to voice mail, VPN, local number format from subscribers’ phone book and call screening.

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In addition, we have agreements with several Israeli engineering companies for the construction of our cell sites. We also purchase certain network components from other suppliers.

Samsung International Co. Ltd. provides us Samsung handsets and spare parts for such products, under terms, including price of products, agreed between us and Samsung from time to time.

In October 2016, we entered into an agreement with Apple Sales International for the purchase and distribution of iPhone handsets in Israel. Under the terms of the agreement, we have committed to purchase a minimum quantity of iPhone products over a period of three years, which are expected to represent a significant portion of our total cellular handsets purchase amounts over that period.

We have entered into a number of agreements with Mediterranean Nautilus Ltd. and Mediterranean Nautilus (Israel) Ltd., or collectively Med Nautilus, between 2003 and 2016. Med Nautilus is the owner of the communications infrastructure which connects the Israeli internet network to the "entry points" of the global internet network via an underwater communications cable (out of three existing cables, one of them is owned by one of our competitors, Bezeq International). Pursuant to our agreements with Med Nautilus, we purchased rights of use of certain telecommunications capacities on Med Nautilus' communications cables, as well as maintenance and operation services relating to these cables. Over the last few years we have increased the capacity purchased for significantly lower prices, as well as reduced maintenance costs. The term of the agreement with respect to capacity purchased from Med Nautilus is in effect until May 2032. We have the option to terminate agreements with respect to parts of the capacity in 2022 and 2027. The terms of these agreements may be subject to regulatory intervention – see "– Government Regulation – Fixed-line Segment" below.

We have also entered into agreements with Bezeq and Hot, the primary internet infrastructure providers in the Israeli market. We are dependent upon these suppliers since without their infrastructure we would be unable to provide our ISP services to our customers. Due to the increase in customer demand for broadband width in recent years, we are required from time to time to increase the capacity we purchase from Bezeq and Hot. Our internet infrastructure service is dependent on Bezeq and in case we purchase such services from Hot, it will be dependent on Hot as well. The terms of the service are mainly set in the landline wholesale market regulation. For additional details see "Government Regulation – Fixed-line Segment – Wholesale landline market".

In November 2009, we entered into an agreement with Alcatel Lucent for the purchase of our Carrier Ethernet network. We also agreed to purchase from Alcatel Lucent at least 51% of the equipment and services that we purchase for such network until the lapse of 7 years from final acceptance (until February 2017). We have an option to purchase maintenance services until 2022.

Under our agreement with Alcatel Lucent, we purchased an SDH transmission network. We purchase maintenance services for the network on an annual basis.

In February 2015 we entered an agreement with Bynat Communications Computers Ltd., or Bynat, for the purchase and maintenance of an MBH transmission network by Cisco. In the agreement we agreed to purchase maintenance services for a term of 5 years from final acceptance (until 2019), and we may stop purchasing such services subject to the provision of a prior written notice. Thereafter we have an option to purchase maintenance services for a term of 8 years (until 2027).

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We entered into an agreement with Nortel Networks Israel (Sales and Marketing) Ltd., or Nortel, in June 2004, for the provision of our international communications switch, on which we base our ability to provide international calling service, as well as related equipment and services. From 2010, Geneband Inc. (which acquired Nortel's relevant business) provides us with support and maintenance services for the equipment provided under this agreement.

We have entered into an agreement with ECI Telecom Ltd. for the provision of transmission switches by ECI Telecom among our various location sites in Israel and overseas, used for our ISP and ILD operations.

Our system for the provision of advanced centrex services based on cloud solutions to our business landline customers, is supplied by Broadsoft Ltd.

Our principal suppliers in the ILD market are Bezeq, Hot and the Israeli cellular operators. We have entered into interconnect agreements with them for facilitating inbound and outbound international traffic to and from their networks, as well as for billing and collection services for our services, for certain customers. Our traffic requires interconnections with these operators and is dependent on their availability and quality.

We have also entered into agreements with more than 100 foreign carriers. These agreements regulate and facilitate our ILD services, as well as our international voice hubbing services. Our traffic requires interconnections with these operators and is dependent on their availability and quality.

In 2011, we entered an agreement with LM Ericsson, for the purchase of our OTT TV services system and ancillary products and services. We have an option to purchase maintenance services on an annual basis until 2018. Our OTT TV service also uses the Israeli DTT infrastructure. The DTT infrastructure may be used freely by our customers.

In June 2015, we entered an agreement with Altech, for the purchase and distribution of set-top boxes and ancillary products and services for our OTT TV services.

In 2013, we entered an agreement with VU, a leading international supplier of multiplatform video services and solutions, for the supply of international video content and content operation and management services for our OTT TV service. Under our agreement with VU, we have committed to pay minimum amounts for such content and services. The Agreement is valid until the end of 2018 and may be terminated by us at the end of 2017, subject to certain conditions; thereafter, it is renewable for additional periods of one year each, unless terminated by either party, subject to prior notice.

In October 2015, January 2016 and December 2016, we entered agreements with RGE, ONE and Charlton, respectively, for the provision of sport channels, in which each of these suppliers holds exclusive broadcasting privileges. Each of the agreements is for a period of 5 to 6 years, during which time we are committed to pay each supplier certain minimum amounts.

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We maintain a variety of information systems that enable us to deliver superior customer service while enhancing our internal processes.

In 2010 - 2015, we entered into several agreements with Amdocs (Israel) Limited, or Amdocs, for the provision of operation, maintenance, management and development services for our billing and customer care systems as well as for the development of a new version of our billing system as well as an agreement to replace our current CRM systems. In February 2016, those agreements were consensually terminated by mutual agreement and our billing and CRM systems are supported mostly internally and by Intec. We also use a customer care system provided by PeopleSoft and supported mostly internally, an inventory and suppliers management system by Priority/Eshbel, a financial system by Coda and an infrastructure integrations system by Microsoft BizTalk.

In May 2016, we entered into several agreements aiming to provide us with a comprehensive CRM SAAS solution, on a cloud 'software as a service', or SAAS, basis, which, when completed, will gradually replace all our current CRM systems with one CRM solution. These agreements include the following main agreements:

An agreement with salesforce.com EMEA Limited, or Salesforce, for the provision of Salesfoce's CRM SAAS platform, including various products and services and support for the agreement term. The agreement is valid until August 2019, and may be terminated by us in April 2018. We also have an option to renew the agreement for two additional periods of 5 years each under certain terms.

Two agreements with Vlocity UK Ltd., or Vlocity, as follows: (i) an agreement for the provision of Vlocity's telecom-CRM SAAS solution, based on Salesforce platform, including support for such services for the agreement term. This agreement is valid until November 2019, and may be terminated by us in April 2018; and (ii) an agreement for the development and customization for Salesforce's and Vlocity's CRM solution. This agreement will be valid until the project is completed, and may be terminated by us subject to prior written notice.

We use Nortel’s CTI system for the management of incoming calls to our telephonic call centers.

We also use a knowledge management system relating to our various services and products by Aman, branded "Cellcopedia".

We use ERP solutions provided by SAP. We use a data warehouse based on an Oracle database system and various data mining tools, ETL by Informatica and reports generated by Cognos. The data warehouse contains data on our subscribers’ usage and allows for various analytical segmentation of the data.

Cisco provides us maintenance proactive malfunction detection and consultant services for our IP networks equipment. The agreement is effective until the end of 2019.

We entered into an agreement with Be’eri Printers for our printing supplies and invoices as well as the distribution, packaging and delivery of invoices and other mail to the postal service distribution centers in 2003. The agreement is valid until December 2017 and either party may terminate it earlier, by advanced written notice to the other party.

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Sales and Customer Care and Marketing

Sales and customer care

We combine our sales and customer care efforts in order to maximize sales opportunities alongside accessible and quality customer service. As part of our strategy to fully penetrate every part of the Israeli market, we try to make the purchase of our services as easy and as accessible as possible, while making our sales lineup more cost efficient. Our customer service unit is our main channel for preserving the long-term relationship with our subscribers and we invest large resources in the quality of our service to our customers. We focus on customer retention through the provision of quality service and customer care. In order to achieve this goal, we systematically monitor and analyze our subscribers’ preferences, characteristics and trends by developing and analyzing sophisticated databases. In addition, subscribers are encouraged to subscribe to additional value-added and content services as well other communications services, in order to enhance customer satisfaction and increase ARPU, with a specific focus on bundles of services. We offer pricing plans, value-added services, handsets, accessories and related services through a broad network of direct and indirect sales personnel. We design pricing plans and promotional campaigns aimed at attracting new subscribers and enhancing our ability to retain our existing subscribers. We pay our independent dealers commissions on sales, while our direct, employee sales personnel receive base salaries plus performance-based incentives. All of our, and our dealers', sales, customer care representatives and other customer-facing staff go through extensive training prior to commencing their work and thereafter regularly undergo training and review of their performance.

We provide our customer facing representatives with a continually updated database, thus shortening the interaction time required to satisfy the customer’s needs and preventing human errors, and closely monitor the service provided by them in order to assure its quality. We constantly review our performance by reviewing customers applications and conducting surveys among our subscribers in order to ensure their satisfaction with our services and to improve them as necessary. In addition, we constantly apply preventive and preemptive measures aimed at reducing churn.

In our efforts to adjust our costs to new market conditions, we have closed or unified points of sale and service in neighboring locations and reduced or relocated call centers, operating them in a more cost effective fashion, while placing greater focus on self-service channels and proactive malfunction resolution, identifying and solving problems ahead of customer complaint.

Our sales and customer care operation is conducted primarily through the following channels:

Points of sale/Walk-in centers. We distribute our products and services through a broad network of physical points of sale providing us with nationwide coverage of our existing and potential subscriber base.

As of December 31, 2016, we independently operated approximately 28 service and sales centers, with approximately 150 additional sale and service points operated by our dealers (including our wholly owned dealer, Dynamica), covering almost all the populated areas of Israel. These centers provide a walk-in contact channel and offer the entire spectrum of products and services that we provide to our subscribers and potential subscribers (the majority of which are provided in our dealers' sale and service points as well), including handset sales, accessories sales (by Dynamica), upgrades and other services, such as bill payment, pricing plan changes and subscriptions to new services. These stores are mostly located in central and other frequently visited locations to provide our subscribers with easy and convenient access to our products and services. The majority of our walk-in centers offer handset repair service for the more minor malfunctions, whereas for the more major malfunctions and where on-site repair service is not available, our walk-in centers serve as a contact point in which our subscribers deposit their handsets for repair and receive the repaired handset after two business days in the same center or at a location of their choice by a courier, with the repair services conducted in a central lab.

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In 2016, we reduced the space of several additional points of sale, and we may continue to do so in 2017.

We also distribute our products and services indirectly through a chain of dozens of dealers (including our own wholly owned dealer, Dynamica) who operate at approximately 150 points of sale throughout Israel. Our dealers are compensated for each sale based on qualitative and quantitative measures. We closely monitor the quality of service provided to our subscribers by our dealers. In our efforts to penetrate certain sectors of our potential subscriber base, we select dealers with proven expertise in marketing to such sectors.

Telephonic sales/Call centers. Telephonic sales efforts target existing and potential subscribers who are interested in buying or upgrading handsets and services. Our sales representatives (both in-house and outsourced) offer our customers a variety of products and services, both in proactive and reactive interactions. In order to provide quick and efficient responses to the different needs of our various subscribers, our call-center services are divided into several sub-centers: general services; technical services; billing; sales; international roaming; and data and internet. We are constantly reviewing the effectiveness of our service and as of 2014 we also operate a multi-function call center providing all our services. The call center services are provided in four languages: Hebrew, Arabic, English and Russian. We currently operate call centers in nine locations throughout Israel, four of which are outsourced. In 2016, we witnessed an additional decrease in calls to our calls centers. During peak hours our call centers have the capability to respond to 600 customer calls simultaneously. We are making efforts to reduce the number of calls to our call centers by offering simple price plans and promoting our self-service channels.

Account managers. Our direct sales force for our business customers maintains regular contact with our mid-sized and large accounts, focusing on sales of products and services, customer retention and tailor-made solutions for the specific needs of such customers. We provide small and mid-sized business customers one focal point to both sales and services by phone. Our account managers are aided by our various back office experts in determining customers' needs and making suitable offers. We offer our business customers handsets repair services by a dispatch service, during which time, the customer is provided with a substitute handset, free of charge. Sales to larger business customers or governmental and local authorities sometimes involve participation in the customer's tender process.

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Online sales/Self service. We offer our customers the ability to purchase our products and services through our internet site and our smartphone application. We provide our subscribers and potential subscribers with various self-service channels, such as interactive voice response, or IVR, internet site and our smartphone application, automatic and live chat and live sms chat, facebook chat and mobile phone application, where they can receive general and specific information, including pricing plans, account balance, information regarding our various services and products and trouble shooting and handset-operation. We invest efforts in directing our customers toward self-service channels. We have established a dedicated internet site for the marketing and sales our OTT TV service.

Customer service for our OTT TV and internet infrastructure market services are provided also through technicians providing services at the customers' homes.

All of our sales and service channels are monitored and analyzed regularly in order to assure the quality of our services and to identify areas where we can improve.

We constantly invest time and efforts making our services compatible to persons with disabilities, including as required by law. We provide customers with disabilities convenient accessibility to our premises and adapted services, including free dispatch services, text to speech services as well as support services through chat. We work closely with Accessibility Israel, a leading Israeli non-profit organization advancing accessibility for persons with disabilities in Israel, and train our representatives to provide accessible service to all our customers.

Marketing

Our marketing strategy emphasizes our position as a communications group and cellular market leader, our value for money and our provision of a comprehensive solution for our customers' communication needs, by offering services bundles for families and for the office for small and mid-sized businesses. We believe the provision of bundles and triple play packages of our services strengthen loyalty and increase customer satisfaction. We aim to provide our customers with a comprehensive quality experience through the various means of communications that they use, including their mobile handset, tablet and laptop. Alongside our focus on packages for a fixed sum, we have substantially reduced the number of calling plans available to our customers, thus reducing our back office operation.

From surveys that we conduct from time to time, we learn that subscribers base their choice of communications provider primarily on the following parameters: the services included in the bundle; perceived price of services and handsets; level of customer service; perceived quality of the network; general brand perception; with regards to the cellular provider - selection of handsets and their compatibility with their needs and with regards to the TV service provider – the quality and variety of content. Our marketing activities take into consideration these parameters and we invest efforts to preserve our subscriber base and attract new subscribers.

We leverage our extensive interactions with our customers to provide the requested services and also to cross- and up-sell cellular and fixed line products and services according to customer needs, usage trends and profitability, mostly by using advanced CRM models, to increase customer satisfaction, loyalty and revenues.

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We regularly advertise in all forms of media, including in promotional campaigns. We also use "one to one" promotional campaigns such as advertisements in our subscribers' monthly bill and in incoming IVR. We believe our marketing and branding campaigns, including our "Cellcom tv" advertisement campaign conducted since the launch of such services, has been very successful and acclaimed among the Israeli public and even contributed to the strength of the "Cellcom" brand.

Cellcom was ranked by Globes as the leading and strongest brand of Israel’s cellular market in 2016 for the sixth year in a row, and 'Cellcom tv' was chosen as the 2015 winning launch, both by Israel's marketing association and in a poll taken among Israel's leading marketing VPs. We believe that our strong brand recognition gives us the high level of market exposure required to help us achieve our business objectives.

Competition

Competition – General

The principal competitive factors in the telecommunications market include the services included in the bundle, perceived price, general brand perception and customer service.

In response to the enhanced competition in the Israeli telecommunications market, we have implemented various steps and strategies, including:

identifying new opportunities to maximize our advantages as a communications group, such as our successfully launched television over the internet services, internet infrastructure services through the landline wholesale services and IOT;

focusing on the offering of bundles of services, as it strengthens customer retention and on enlarging customer purchases from us;

entering network sharing and hosting agreements with Golan (to go into effect when owned by Electra) and Xfone, which will facilitate a more efficient cost structure in relation to our networks and operations thereof and investments therein;

investing in our network to ensure our ability to offer quality and advanced cellular and fixed line services, including in our 4G network, and providing our customers with advanced services; and

taking aggressive efficiency measures through adjustments to our existing head count, reducing overhead expenses and improving work processes, in order to reduce costs and improve our agility.

Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and respond to trends and events affecting the industry, including the introduction of new services and technologies, changes in consumer preferences, demographic trends, economic conditions, pricing strategies of competitors and changes to the legal and regulatory environment.

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Competition may intensify further as a result of the occurrence of any of the events described under “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business – We face intense competition in all aspects of our business.”

Communications groups and structural separation

The Israeli telecommunications market is currently dominated by four communications groups: Bezeq, Hot, Partner-012 Smile and Cellcom. Each of the Bezeq and Hot groups are subject to certain structural separation requirements in relation to sale of bundles of services by each of them and their respective subsidiaries, as a result of being the incumbent and monopoly in their respective core business – landline and multichannel television services. Those requirements include that some of the services in the Bezeq bundle would be available for sale separately under the same terms as in the bundle, and the requirement that Bezeq allows its competitors to participate in a similar bundle (if it includes ISP, VOB or ILD services) under the same terms and equally markets such bundles as its own bundle (though the second requirement does not apply to the sale of the bundle by a subsidiary of Bezeq). The same requirements apply to Hot in the case of bundles that include ISP services, with respect to the ISP service component of the bundle.

In addition to certain relaxation of the structural separation imposed on the Bezeq group as of 2010, allowing it to offer bundles of services with its subsidiaries, in 2015, Bezeq merged with Yes, Bezeq's subsidiary providing multichannel pay-TV, under certain conditions (detailed under "-Fixed line Segment – Television services" below). Although the Hot group is also subject to structural separation limitations between its multi-channel television, ISP, cellular and landline services, it was allowed to offer a bundle of landline telephony, multichannel television and internet infrastructure services and under certain conditions ISP services as well, and Hot and Hot Mobile are also allowed to sell and market each other's services and exchange information. In January 2016 the Ministry of Communications announced its intention to annul Bezeq and Hot's structural separation as part of its plan to ensure massive investment in fiber optics infrastructure in Israel and in December 2016 the Ministry of Communication informed Bezeq that it intends to hold a public hearing regarding a possible annulment of the corporate separation and thereafter the structural separation in the Bezeq group and Bezeq has already announced the commencement of a full merger process with Yes, including full integration of Yes into Bezeq. We believe the annulment of corporate and structural separation for Bezeq and Hot will adversely affect our competitive standing, especially if it is effected before a complete and effective wholesale landline market is in place.

Any changes to the structural separation limitations in the Bezeq and Hot groups and the supervision over Bezeq's tariffs, or anti-competitive behavior if not prevented by the regulators could adversely affect our ability to compete with Bezeq and Hot in general and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operation.

Cellular Segment

There is intense competition in all aspects of the cellular communications market in Israel, with a penetration rate (the ratio of cellular subscribers to the Israeli population) of approximately 119%, representing approximately 10.2 million cellular subscribers at December 31, 2016, and the average annual churn rate in Israel in 2016 is estimated to be 36%, higher than the churn rates in other developed economies. We expect this intensified competition to continue in the future. We currently compete for market and revenue share with eight other cellular communications operators: four MNOs (Partner, Pelephone, Hot Mobile and Golan) and four MVNOs (Rami Levy Hashikma Communications Marketing Ltd., or Rami Levy, Home Cellular Ltd. (whose operations we have purchased, pending requisite approvals), or Home Cellular, Azi Communications Ltd., or Azi, and Cellact Communications Ltd., or Cellact). Xfone won frequencies in the 2015 4G frequencies tender but hasn't entered the market yet. For details of our network sharing and hosting agreements with Golan (to go into effect when owned by Electra) and Xfone see "– Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements" above.

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Our estimated market share based on number of subscribers was approximately 27.5% as of December 31, 2016. The market shares at such time of Partner, Pelephone, Hot Mobile and Golan were estimated to be approximately 26%, 23%, 13.8% and 7.8%, respectively, and the MVNOs' collective market share was estimated to be 1.9%. These estimates are based on the public reports of other operators and our estimate of the market share of the operators who do not publish reports.

Hot Mobile and Golan commenced their UMTS operation in May 2012. Rami Levy, Home Cellular, Azi and Cellact, all MVNOs, commenced operations in December 2011 - December 2013.

Partner started operations in 1998 and is controlled by S.B. Israel Telecom Ltd. (indirectly controlled by the media entrepreneur Haim Saban). In March 2011, Partner purchased the outstanding shares of 012 Smile Telecom Ltd., or Smile Telelcom, an ISP and ILD operator, now also serving as Partner's cellular low cost brand dealer, and in 2015, its network sharing agreement with Hot Mobile was approved and the two companies began joint operation through a joint subsidiary.

Pelephone is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bezeq, and started operations in 1986. As of January 2015, its low cost brand services are sold by another subsidiary of Bezeq – Walla Communications Ltd., an internet portal. Bezeq is controlled by B Communications Ltd., or B Communications,. B Communications is an Israeli company traded on the NASDAQ and the TASE and controlled by the Israeli businessman Shaul Alovich.

Hot Mobile (previously named Mirs Communications Ltd.) had its license upgraded from push-to-talk to a cellular license in February 2001. In mid-2012 it began its UMTS operation. Hot Mobile is owned by Hot, which is owned by the French businessman Mr. Patrick Derhy. In 2015, its network sharing agreement with Partner was approved and the two companies began joint operation through a joint subsidiary.

Golan is owned by Xavier Niel, founder and controlling shareholder of the French telecom company Iliad - Free, Patrick and Gerard Pariente, founders and former owners of Naf Naf, a European fashion brand, Michael Golan, the CEO of Golan and former CEO of the French telecom company Iliad – Free, and David Golan. Golan began to operate in mid-2012. In January 2017, Golan and its shareholders entered a share purchase agreement with Electra for the purchase of Golan and Golan entered a network sharing and hosting agreement with us (to go into effect when Golan is owned by Electra). Both agreements are subject to regulatory approvals as described under "-Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements" above.

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Rami Levy is a subsidiary of a major Israeli discount supermarket chain. Home Cellular is a subsidiary of a leading 'do it yourself' stores chain. Azi is owned by Telzar, an ILD operator. Cellact is owned by Cellact Ltd., a content provider.

The competition in the cellular communications market intensified following the entry of additional cellular operators to the market, specifically the launch of two new UMTS operations by Hot Mobile and Golan in mid 2012, without having to first invest in building their own network, with significantly lower tariffs than market level at that time for private customers. This has led to a material increase in churn rate and accelerated and continuous price erosion for both private and business customers and a material decrease in revenues and profitability for us.

Handsets

In the handsets market, we compete with numerous vendors, chain stores and importers' stores. Regulatory decisions in recent years alleviating the regulatory requirements on the import to and sale of handsets in Israel, coupled with regulatory decisions preventing cellular operators from linking handsets sale and cellular services, led to the entry of additional competitors into the market, significantly increased competition and decreased sales for us. See "Item 4. Information on The Company – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Tariff Supervision" for additional details. That, coupled with the growing change in the business market where corporations no longer purchase cellular services for their employees from a designated operator but rather allow each employee to purchase his or her own device and obtain cellular services from their operator of choice, known as the "bring your own device" phenomenon, may further increase the competition in this market.

Fixed-line Segment

The only groups having their own landline infrastructure in Israel are Bezeq and Hot. In June 2016, Partner announced that it intends to deploy a nation-wide landline infrastructure and we are assessing the possibility of investing in IBC (a company owned by the Israeli Electric Company, or IEC, and an international group led by Via Europa) or deploying our own wide-spread landline infrastructure. A landline wholesale market was formally launched in Israel in 2015. See "-Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment – Wholesale Landline Market" below. An effective wholesale landline market, specifically one including both Bezeq's and Hot's infrastructure and providing both telephony and infrastructure services, will enhance our ability to compete and extend our service offering. However, the intended annulment or substantial alleviation of corporate or structural separation and Bezeq's tariffs supervision, may have a material adverse effect on our competitive capabilities and results of operation, especially if effected before an effective wholesale market is in place. Further, the entry of new competitors to the fixed-line market, through the wholesale market, has increased competition in the fixed-line market and may trigger further escalation in the competition in other markets in which we operate.

Internet Infrastructure and ISP Business

The two main internet infrastructure providers for the private sector in Israel and the only groups having their own landline infrastructure and offering internet infrastructure services to both ISPs and end-users are Bezeq and Hot. Bezeq is also providing internet infrastructure services to operators that do not own their own infrastructure under the landline wholesale market, who, in turn, provide this service to the end customer. In 2014, a third competitor - IBC commenced deployment of its infrastructure and the provision of broadband services in selected areas, reportedly through agreements entered with some of the smaller ISPs. IBC's licenses allows the provision of broadband infrastructure services on the IEC's optic fibers infrastructure to other licenses holders as well as directly to large business customers. In 2016, IBC's shareholders announced their intention to raise capital by inserting additional investors. We are reviewing the possibility of investing in IBC.

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As of September 30, 2016, internet infrastructure services are provided by Bezeq and Hot to approximately 1.19 million and 700,000 households in Israel, respectively, with an immaterial quantity by IBC. As of the first half of 2015, internet infrastructure services are provided by other operators, including us, through the landline wholesale market, using Bezeq's infrastructure. Based on Bezeq and Hot reports, at the end of September 2016, the Internet infrastructure services household penetration rate was approximately 93%. We bundle this service with our ISP service and also as part of our triple play offering. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 163,000 households subscribed to our internet infrastructure services.

In January 2016, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing proposing maximum tariffs for Hot's wholesale internet infrastructure services. Effective inclusion of Hot's infrastructure in the wholesale market may increase the amount of potential subscribers to our triple play and bundle offerings. For the details regarding a wholesale landline market in Israel see "– Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment – Wholesale Landline Market" below".

Internet connectivity access (ISP) is currently provided by three major ISPs: us, Bezeq International, Smile Telecom (a subsidiary of Partner), and some other smaller players including Hotnet (a subsidiary of Hot) and Xfone Communications Ltd. As of December 31, 2016, we provide ISP services to approximately 638,000 households and we estimate our market share to be 25% and the market shares of Bezeq International and Smile Telecom to be 40% and 23%, respectively.

The Israeli ISP market is highly competitive and saturated and is characterized by relatively low entry barriers. Competition among the various players concentrates mainly on the ability to offer high speeds of internet connection and on pricing. Although the provision of ISP services requires obtaining a license from the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry's policy is liberal in granting ISP licenses (and more recently unified licenses, which allow the provision of ISP services to any holder of such license, subject to the inclusion of an ISP appendix). As a result, as of the date of this report, there are a few dozen holders of ISP licenses (or unified license allowing the provision of ISP services) in Israel, though most of them do not hold significant market shares. Due to substantial penetration costs and the other ongoing costs of operating ISP service, profitability in the ISP market usually requires creation of a broad customer base and the ability to sell added value products and high speed packages to the customers.

The entry of Hot (through its subsidiary Hotnet) into the ISP market at tariffs significantly lower than market prices in 2012, the subsequent entry of cellular operators into that market in 2013, the offering of bundles of services and the aggressive campaigns of both Bezeq and Hot offering substantially higher bandwidth for lower tariffs to end-users, resulted in a substantial decrease in ISP service prices and led to increased demand for greater bandwidth, which required us to increase the capacity we purchase from Bezeq and Hot. Further, the offering of bundles of internet infrastructure and ISP using the wholesale market increased the competition in this field, resulting in loss of some of our ISP customers. Bezeq's continued breach of its obligation to market our ISP services when proposing an internet infrastructure and ISP bundle, has also resulted in a substantial loss of ISP customers. If competition remains at current levels and the regulatory environment remains unchanged, this trend is expected to continue to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Global internet connectivity is provided by three underwater cables. The main provider, which also provides us with global internet connectivity, is Med Nautilus, with another one owned by the Bezeq group. The deployment of the second and third underwater cables in 2011 and 2012 led to a substantial decrease in the pricing of the global internet connectivity services provided to Israeli ISPs.

In addition, should the IBC infrastructure be available (which currently cannot be assured), this would improve our competitiveness in the ISP and internet infrastructure markets as this is likely to reduce our dependency on Bezeq and Hot as internet infrastructure providers.

For additional details see “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business – We face intense competition in all aspects of our business".

Television services

Multichannel pay-TV services are dominated by Hot (the incumbent TV provider and monopoly in this field) and YES (a subsidiary of Bezeq) with approximately 816,000 and 618,000 households, respectively, as of September 30, 2016. The multichannel pay-TV market is also highly penetrated with levels above those of most developed economies. We successfully entered this market in December 2014, using an hybrid OTT-DTT television service, with approximately 111,000 households subscribed to our Cellcom tv services as of December 31, 2016. DTT broadcasting may be used by additional players as well, to be bundled with additional IPTV or Over the Top (OTT) channels, as we do. Partner announced it will be entering the TV market in the first half of 2017, and in 2016, Netflix and Amazon Prime, American internet based VOD content providers, opened their services to viewers in Israel, and are providing a complementary service to the existing competitors' content.

In March 2014, the Israeli Antitrust Commissioner, aiming to facilitate the entry of new competitors to the TV market by reducing entry barriers, published the following requirements as a precondition for the approval of any merger in the Bezeq group: (1) Bezeq to generally not bill ISPs for TV related internet infrastructure services, annul and not engage in any non-original production exclusivity arrangements; and (2) Bezeq / Yes to allow new TV service providers to purchase certain original production of Bezeq for two years from the approval of the merger. The Bezeq –Yes legal merger was completed in 2015.

ILD services

We are a major service provider in the Israeli ILD market. As of the date of this report, there are several ILD operators in the Israeli market. Our main competitors in this market are Bezeq (through its wholly-owned subsidiary Bezeq International) and Partner (through its wholly-owned subsidiary Smile Telecom). Additional competitors include Xfone, Telzar International Communications Services Ltd., Rami Levy, Golan and Hot, through wholly-owned subsidiaries or affiliates. At the end of September 2016, our market share in the ILD market is estimated to be approximately 20%, with Bezeq International, Smile Telecom and Hot holding 35%, 24% and 12% market shares, respectively.

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The Israeli ILD market is highly competitive, and the competition in the market is based mainly on the operator's ability to offer attractive pricing. The price of an international call is also influenced by the call completion tariff paid to the operator in the call's destination country and increased competition in the destination country leads to a decrease in tariffs for calls to those destinations and thus an increase in the quantity of minutes made to those destinations.

Regulatory changes in the telephony market such as the inclusion of ILD services in unlimited bundles offered by cellular and landline operators, have increased competition further. In addition, in recent years the use of alternative telecommunications technologies such as voice-over-IP has resulted in downsizing of the telephony market, especially the ILD services revenues. This trend is expected to continue in the future at a more moderate pace. This trend together with the offering of ILD services for no additional cost in bundles of cellular and landline telephony services, has resulted in a continual decline in revenues from traditional ILD services. The adoption of proposed changes to ILD regulation, which includes the provision of ILD services by landline operators and cellular operators themselves and not through a separate company, as required today, would increase the competition in the ILD market and may adversely affect our results of operations. See "– Government Regulation – Fixed-line Segment – International long distance calling services" below.

Landline telephony

The Israeli landline telephony market has been dominated for many years by Bezeq, the incumbent landline monopoly, which held as of March 31, 2016 (according to the Ministry of Communications report) approximately 2/3 of the landline telephony market (and an even larger market share in the business landline telephony sector(. Hot, the incumbent TV monopoly, and second entrant to this market, was allowed to bundle its landline service together with its internet infrastructure and its multi-channel television service. Other players include us, Partner-Smile Telecom and Bezeq International.

We offer landline telephony to selected business customers and landline telephony using VOB technology to private customers. Our penetration into the landline telephony business is an important element in our ability to offer comprehensive service packages to our subscribers. We estimate that our current market share in the Israeli landline telephony market is not material. In case landline telephony is effectively included in the landline wholesale market, we may also offer landline home telephony services to private customers based on the wholesale market.

The landline wholesale market was to allow wholesale landline telephony service as of May 2015. As of the date of this report, no wholesale landline telephony services are provided. In December 2015 the Ministry of Communications published a hearing proposing an interim alternative by which operators without infrastructure would be allowed to resell Bezeq's telephony (for tariffs substantially higher than those set for the wholesale service), which still awaits the MOC's resolution. We believe the resale alternative will not result in competition in this field. In January 2016, the Ministry of Communications announced it will not interfere with the tariffs Hot proposes for its wholesale telephony service, but has not yet published maximum tariffs for Hot's wholesale internet infrastructure (and Hot filed a petition against the MOC in February 2017, claiming the MOC is required to hold another hearing prior to setting such maximum tariffs) or other decisions in regards to the technological implementation of the wholesale landline market on Hot's infrastructure. For details see "– Government Regulation – Fixed-line Segment – Wholesale landline market".

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A wholesale landline telephony services market and the IBC's infrastructure, if and when made effectively available, will enhance our ability to compete and allow us (as well as our competitors) to provide a wider selection of services at competitive prices, specifically in relation to residential landline services, which is currently immaterial. See also “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business – We face intense competition in all aspects of our business” and "– Government Regulations – Fixed-line Segment – Wholesale Landline Market".

Other fixed-line services

Transmission and landline data services are provided by Bezeq, Hot, Partner and us. These services are provided to business customers and to telecommunications operators. During 2016 the competition in these fields of operation intensified following HOT's and Partner's offerings, and the usage of bandwidth of transmission increased.

Intellectual Property

We are a member of the GSM Association, together with other worldwide operators that use GSM technology. As a member of the association, we are entitled to use its intellectual property rights, including the GSM logo and trademark.

We are the proprietor of over 100 domain names and approximately 100 trademarks and trademarks applications, the most important of which are the star design, “Cellcom”, “Talkman”, “Cellcom Volume,” "Cellcom tv," "Netvision" and "013 Netvision". We are also the proprietor of a few registered patents.

Government Regulations

The following is a description of various regulatory matters that are material to our operations, including certain future legislative initiatives that are in the process of being enacted. There can be no certainty that the future legislation described here will be enacted or that it will not be subject to further change before its final enactment.

General

A significant part of our operations is regulated by the Israeli Communications Law, 1982, the regulations promulgated under the Communications Law and the provisions of our licenses, which were granted by the Ministry of Communications pursuant to the Communications Law. We are required by the Communications Law and the Wireless Telegraph Ordinance (New Version), 1972, to have a license in order to provide certain communications services in Israel and be allocated the spectrum to do so. The Ministry of Communications has broad supervisory powers in connection with the operations of license holders and is authorized, among other things, to impose financial penalties for violations of the Communications Law, the regulations and our licenses.

Cellular Segment

Our Cellular license

We provide our cellular services under a non-exclusive general license granted to us by the Ministry of Communications in June 1994, which requires us to provide cellular services in the State of Israel to anyone wishing to subscribe. The license expires on January 31, 2022, but may be extended by the Ministry of Communications for successive periods of six years, provided that we have complied with the license and applicable law, have continuously invested in the improvement of our service and network and have demonstrated the ability to continue to do so in the future. The main provisions of the license are as follows:

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the license may be modified, cancelled, conditioned or restricted by the Ministry of Communications in certain instances, including: if required to ensure the level of services we provide; if a breach of a material term of the license occurs; if DIC (or a transferee or transferees approved by the Ministry of Communications), in its capacity as our founding shareholder, holds, directly or indirectly, less than 26% of our means of control (with “means of control” defined for these purposes as voting rights, the right to appoint a director or general manager, the right to participate in distributions, or the right to participate in distributions upon liquidation); if our founding shareholders who are Israeli citizens and residents hold, directly or indirectly, less than 5% of our means of control (DIC, as founding shareholder, has undertaken to comply with this condition as of July 2017); if at least 10% of our directors are not appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders or if less than a majority of our directors are Israeli citizens and residents; if any of our managers or directors is convicted of a crime of moral turpitude and continues to serve; if we commit an act or omission that adversely affects or limits competition in the cellular communications market; or if we and our 10% or greater shareholders fail to maintain combined shareholders’ equity of at least $200 million;

it is prohibited to acquire (alone or together with relatives or with other parties who collaborate on a regular basis) or transfer our shares, directly or indirectly (including by way of creating a pledge which if foreclosed, will result in the transfer of shares), in one transaction or a series of transactions, if such acquisition or transfer will result in a holding or transfer of 10% or more of any of our means of control, or to transfer any of our means of control if as a result of such transfer, control over our company will be transferred from one party to another, without the prior approval of the Ministry of Communications. For the purpose of the license, “control” is defined as the direct or indirect ability to direct our operations whether this ability arises from our articles of association, from written or oral agreement or from holding any means of control or otherwise, other than from holding the position of director or officer;

it is prohibited for any of our office holders or anyone holding more than 5% of our means of control, to hold, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of the means of control in Bezeq or another cellular operator in Israel, or, for any of the foregoing to serve as an office holder of one of our competitors, subject to certain exceptions requiring the prior approval of the Ministry of Communications;

we, our office holders and our interested parties, may not be parties to any arrangement whatsoever with Bezeq or another cellular operator that is intended or is likely to restrict or harm competition in the field of cellular services, cellular handsets or other cellular services. For the purpose of the license, an “interested party” is defined as a 5% or greater holder of any means of control;

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we are subject to the guidelines of Israel’s General Security Services, which may include requirements that certain office holders and holders of certain other positions be Israeli citizens and residents with security clearance. For example, our Board of Directors is required to appoint a committee to deal with matters concerning state security whose members must have the requisite security clearance by Israel’s General Security Services. In addition, the Minister of Communications is entitled under our license to appoint a state employee with security clearance to act as an observer in all meetings of our Board of Directors and its committees;

we are required to have agreements with a manufacturer of cellular network equipment for the duration of its intended operating period, which must include, among other things, a know-how agreement and an agreement guaranteeing the supply of spare parts for our network equipment for a period of at least seven years;

we are required to interconnect our network to other public telecommunications networks in Israel, on equal terms and without discrimination, in order to enable subscribers of all operators to communicate with one another, and are also required to provide national roaming services to new UMTS operators;

we may not give preference in providing infrastructure services to a license holder that is an affiliated company over other license holders, whether in payment for services, conditions or availability of services or in any other manner, other than in specific circumstances and subject to the approval of the Ministry of Communications;

there are certain general types of payments that we may collect from our subscribers, certain procedure for collecting payments, general mechanisms for setting and raising tariffs, including the basic airtime charging units and prior notifications we must provide the MOC and our customers prior to increasing tariffs and the Ministry of Communications is authorized to intervene in setting tariffs in certain instances;

we must maintain a minimum standard of customer service, including, among other things, establishing call centers, maintaining a certain service level (both coverage and performance) of our network, protecting the privacy of subscribers; use a specific format for our agreement with our customers; obtain an explicit request from our subscribers to purchase services, whether by us or by third parties, as a precondition to providing and charging for such services, including specific requirements as to format and a default blockage of the customer's ability to purchase certain services; maintain a specific form of evidence of customers' request to purchase our services as a precondition to charging our customers for those services; and provide certain notifications to customers regarding the services ordered and the procedures for handling subscribers' objections as to billing and repayment of overcharged sums;

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we may not transfer, pledge or encumber the license or any part thereof without the prior approval of the Ministry of Communications, and face restrictions on the sale, lease or pledge of any assets used for implementing the license;

we are required to obtain insurance coverage for our cellular activities. In addition, the license imposes statutory liability for any loss or damage caused to a third party as a result of establishing, sustaining, maintaining or operating our cellular network. We have further undertaken to indemnify the State of Israel for any monetary obligation imposed on the State of Israel in the event of such loss or damage. For the purpose of guaranteeing our obligations under the license, we have deposited a bank guarantee in the amount of NIS80 million with the Ministry of Communications, which may be forfeited in the event that we violate the terms of our license;

we must maintain and follow a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan; and

network sharing, if approved, is to be carried out in accordance with specific instructions in our license;

In the event that we violate the terms of our license, we may be subject to substantial penalties, including monetary sanctions under the Communications Law, the sum of which shall be calculated as a percentage of our income and based on the gravity of the breach. The maximum amount per violation that may be imposed is approximately NIS 1.6 million plus 0.225% of our annual revenue for the preceding year. The Ministry of Communications published criteria to be used for determining the sum of the imposed sanctions, including the impact on the competition, the duration of the violation, the number of subscribers affected, the benefit to the operator from the violation and prior violations. Following the publication of the guidelines, the MOC has substantially increased its supervision activities and imposed monetary sanctions, including on us (in immaterial sums). Substantial sanctions will harm our results of operations. In the event that we materially violate the terms of our licenses, the Ministry of Communications has the authority to revoke them.

In August 2014, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing regarding roaming services provided to subscribers. The hearing proposes, in order to increase competition and reduce roaming payments by subscribers, among others, to allow other Israeli telecommunication operators, including other cellular operators, mobile virtual network operators, international calls operators and landline operators to offer roaming services to a cellular subscriber of another cellular operator, while abroad, using the subscriber's usual cellular number as well as change the way payments for roaming services are calculated. See additional details under "– Tariff Supervision" below. The effects of the changes proposed vary significantly depending on the alternative adopted. The adoption of some alternatives may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In August 2014, the Ministry of Communications proposed to amend the Israeli Communications Law and set fixed compensation in case of failure to meet response times the Minister of communications proposes to set for telecommunications operators' call centers, as well as a fixed compensation in case a subscriber was wrongfully overcharged (more severe than the existing provision to that effect in the Israeli Consumer Protection Law). We estimate that the proposed changes, if adopted as proposed, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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In January 2017 our cellular license was amended to include a reduced Israeli holding requirement of 5% of our outstanding share capital and other means of control, effective as of July 2017. Until then, we are not required to have Israeli holdings, subject to certain requirements. The amendment further included the reduction of directors appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders to 10% of our directors. For additional details, see “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business – There are certain restrictions in our licenses relating to the ownership of our shares. " and "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – A. Major Shareholders".

Services in Judea and Samaria

The Israeli Civil Administration in Judea and Samaria granted us a non-exclusive license for the provision of cellular services to the Israeli-populated areas in Judea and Samaria. This license is effective until December 31, 2017. We expect we will be able to renew this license without undue burden. The provisions of the cellular license described above, including as to its extension, generally apply to this license, subject to certain modifications.

Tariff supervision

Under the Israeli Communications Regulations (Telecommunications and Broadcasting) (Payment for Interconnecting), 2000, interconnect tariffs among landline operators, international call operators and cellular operators are subject to regulation. In September 2010, the regulations were amended to dramatically reduce maximum interconnect tariffs payable to cellular operators, leading to a material decrease in our revenues.

We are prohibited, under the Communications Law, from making any linkage between a cellular services transaction and a handset purchase transaction, including by way of offering airtime rebates or refunds for handsets. This has resulted in decreased sales of handsets by us and increased churn. In November 2013, the MOC instructed the discontinuance of any specific rebates and refunds to customers transferring from other cellular operators.

The Communication Law prevents the collection of early termination fees in plans with a commitment to a predefined period, or early termination fees, in the cellular market as of 2012 (excluding from customers with more than a certain amount of cellular lines or over a certain amount of monthly invoice for bundles or other services) as well as prohibits the collection of the handset's remaining installments in one payment pursuant to early termination. This has led to materially increased churn rate and subscriber acquisition and retention costs and subsequently to accelerated price erosion.

Under the Communications Law, if agreement as to the terms of a hosting service (including the consideration), whether for national roaming of an MNO or hosting of an MVNO have not been reached , the Ministry of Communications with the Minister of Finance may intervene in the terms of the agreement, including by setting the price of the service, in certain circumstances. The Ministry of Communications may further review the reasonability of MVNO hosting agreements, including existing agreements which the MVNO request to update if the existing agreement hinders its ability to compete and the parties fail to reach an agreement as to its update, to be carried out in light of the best offer made by the cellular operator to a business customer. Unfavorable terms and consideration for the hosting service, may result in material adverse effect on our results of operations. For additional details see "– Mobile Virtual Network Operators" and " - Additional MNOs" below).

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As of January 2013, we are obligated to pay our customers predetermined damages for each discrepancy from the customer's pricing plan, remedied after the customer complained, under the Consumer Protection Law. The damages are in an insignificant amount, but may aggregate to substantial amounts if paid to numerous customers on multiple occasions.

The Communication law authorizes the Minister of Communications to give instructions and to set interconnect tariffs and usage of another operator's network rates and supervised services prices, based not only on previous method of cost (according to a calculation method determined by the Minister of Communications) plus reasonable profit, but also on the basis of one of the following: (1) payment for services provided by a licensee; (2) payment for a comparable service; or (3) comparison to such services or interconnect tariffs in other countries. In addition, the Minister of Communications was authorized to give instructions in relation to structural separation for the provision of different services, including between services provided to a licensee and services provided to a subscriber.

In August 2014, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing regarding roaming services provided to subscribers. The hearing proposes, in order to increase competition and reduce roaming payments by subscribers, among others, to change the way payments for roaming services are calculated, such as by requiring a 1 second unit or 1 KB unit (as applicable) for billing of roaming services while abroad and not charging for certain intervals of the call. The adoption of such proposed changes may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Mobile virtual network operators

A mobile virtual network operator, or MVNO, is a cellular operator that does not own its own spectrum and usually does not have its own radio network infrastructure. Instead, MVNOs have business arrangements with existing cellular operators to use their infrastructure and network for the MVNO’s own customers. The operation of MVNOs in the Israeli cellular market has contributed to the increased competition.

For the Minister of Communications' authority to intervene in the terms, including tariffs, for hosting an MVNO, see "– Tariff Supervision" above. Unfavorable terms and consideration for the service may result in material adverse effect on our results of operations.

To date the Ministry of Communications has granted eleven MVNO licenses and five MVNOs have entered hosting agreements with cellular operators, without the Ministry of Communication's intervention. Four of them are still active. It is unknown if and when the others will commence operations.

Additional MNOs

Hot Mobile (in September 2011) and Golan (In January 2012) were awarded new UMTS frequencies, following a spectrum tender held by the Ministry of Communications. Under the UMTS tender terms, both Golan's and Hot Mobile's commitment to pay license fees was reduced to NIS 10 million, after reaching 7% market share each, in the private sector. Hot Mobile and Golan were awarded certain additional benefits and leniencies, such as a prolonged timetable for network coverage completion and the right to use national roaming through our, Pelephone or Partner's ' networks. Investing in a 4G Network will, under certain conditions, replace Golan and Hot Mobile's obligation to deploy a UMTS network. For additional details see "– Network Sharing" above.

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Under the Communications Law, existing operators (other than Hot Mobile) are required to provide new UMTS operators and Hot Mobile national roaming services, for a period of seven to ten years (subject to certain conditions). For regulatory intervention in the terms of the national roaming service, including tariffs, in case of inability to reach an agreement, see "– Tariff Supervision" above.

In October 2011, we entered a national roaming agreement with Golan, under which we provide Golan national roaming services (which will be replaced by our network sharing and hosting agreement with Golan (when owned by Electra), when completed. See "– Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements"), and Hot Mobile entered a national roaming agreement with Pelephone and later with Partner (which was later replaced by a network sharing agreement by Hot Mobile and Partner). As a result, the Ministry of Communications did not determine the terms for the service.

In May 2012, Golan and Hot Mobile launched their UMTS services, which materially increased competition in the market, increased churn and accelerated price erosion, and have materially adversely affected our results of operations.

In January 2015, the Ministry of Communications completed an 1800MHz frequencies tender, for 4G technologies (such as LTE, LTE Advanced). All existing MNOs and Xfone won bands in the tender. Under the tender terms, Xfone, Golan and Hot Mobile are eligible for up to a 50% discount, 10% for each 1% addition to their market share, obtained over the next 5 years. We were awarded 3MHz for NIS 6.5 million per 1MHz. Pelephone was awarded 15MHz and each of Partner, Golan, Hot Mobile and Xfone was awarded 5MHZ, for NIS 6.4 – 6.9 million per 1MHz.

Network Sharing

In May and July 2014, the Ministry of Communications set certain requirements for the approval of network sharing by the Ministry of Communications, including the following principles: (1) sharing of passive elements of cell sites and active sharing of antennas among all cellular operators are encouraged; (2) active sharing of radio networks using shared equipment and frequencies will be allowed only between an operator with a partial 3G network deployment and an operator with a full 3G network deployment, whereas such sharing will not be allowed for two operators with full 3G network deployment; (3) sharing of transmission from cell sites among operators sharing frequencies is generally allowed; (4) investing in a 4G network will be considered as meeting an operator's undertaking to deploy a 3G network under certain conditions; (5) approval of active sharing of radio networks using shared equipment and frequencies shall be for a limited period, only if there are at least three independent cellular networks in Israel, and is conditioned upon certain conditions, including: (i) the obligation to allow other operators to join on terms similar to the terms granted to the sharing operator with the smallest market share; (ii) the obligation to host a Mobile Virtual Network Operator without the other sharing operators' consent; (iii) the shared radio network must be operated through a joint entity held equally by the sharing operators, which entity will be required to obtain a license from the Ministry of Communications and will use the frequencies allocated to sharing operators; and (iv) the radio elements of the shared network will be held in equal parts by the sharing operators, and each of the sharing operators will have the right to use other sharing operators' passive infrastructure including following termination of the agreement.

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For details regarding our network sharing and hosting agreement with Xfone and Golan (after Golan shall be owned by Electra) pending regulatory approvals see "– Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements". Hot's and Partner's network sharing agreement was approved and the two began a joint operation through a joint subsidiary.

Permits for cell site construction

General

In order to provide and improve network coverage to our subscribers, we depend on cell sites located throughout Israel. The regulation of cell site construction and operation are primarily set forth in the Israeli National Zoning Plan 36 for Communications. The construction of radio access devices, which are cell sites of smaller dimensions, is further regulated in the Communications Law.

The construction and operation of cell sites are subject to permits from various government entities and related bodies, including:

building permits from the local planning and building committee or the local licensing authority (if no exemption is available);

approvals for construction and operation from the Commissioner of Environmental Radiation of the Ministry of Environmental Protection;

permits from the Civil Aviation Authority (in most cases);

permits from the Israel Defense Forces (in certain cases); and

other specific permits necessary where applicable, such as for cell sites on water towers or agricultural land.

National Zoning Plan 36

National Zoning Plan 36, or the Plan, includes guidelines for constructing cell sites in order to provide cellular broadcasting and reception communications coverage throughout Israel, while preventing radiation hazards and minimizing damage to the environment and landscape and sets forth the considerations that the planning and building authorities should take into account when issuing building permits for cell sites. The Plan also determines instances in which the public must be informed of requests for building permits prior to their issuance, so that they may submit objections to the construction of a site. Many local authorities have argued that a building permit issued in reliance on the Plan requires the payment of amelioration charge. In 2013 this position was adopted in principle by an appeal zoning committee. However, in 2014 a district court rejected such claim in relation to another national zoning plan, and the decision was appealed and awaits the Supreme Court's decision. Should the matter be decided against us in appeal zoning committees or by a court of law, the costs of constructing a site will substantially increase.

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Proposed changes to the Plan, adding additional restrictions and requirements on the construction and operation of cell sites, were approved by the National Council for Planning and Building in 2010 and submitted for the approval of the Government of Israel. If the proposed changes are approved by the Israeli Government, they will harm our ability to construct new cell sites, make the process of obtaining building permits for the construction and operation of cell sites more cumbersome and costly, and could adversely affect our existing network and delay the future deployment of our network.

Site licensing

We have experienced difficulties in obtaining some of the permits and consents required for the construction of cell sites, especially from local planning and building authorities. The construction of a cell site without a building permit (or applicable exemption) constitutes a violation of the Planning and Building Law. Violations of the Planning and Building Law are criminal in nature. The Planning and Building Law contains enforcement provisions to ensure the removal of unlawful sites. There have been instances in which we received demolition orders or in which we and certain of our directors, officers and employees faced criminal charges in connection with cell sites constructed and/or used without the relevant permits or not in accordance with the permits. In most of these cases, we were successful in preventing or delaying the demolition of these sites, through arrangements with the local municipalities or planning and building authorities for obtaining the permit, or in other cases, by relocating to alternate sites. As of December 31, 2016, we were subject to four criminal and administrative legal proceedings alleging that some of our cell sites were built and have been used without the relevant permits or not in accordance with the permits. As of the same date, a small portion of our cell sites operated without building permits or applicable exemptions. Although we are in the process of seeking to obtain building permits for these sites, we may not be able to obtain them and in several instances we may be required to relocate these sites to alternative locations or to demolish them without any suitable alternative. In addition, we may be operating a significant number of our cell sites, in a manner which is not fully compatible with the building permits issued for them, although they are covered by permits from the Ministry of Environmental Protection in respect of their radiation level. In some cases we will be required to relocate these cell sites to alternative locations, to reduce capacity coverage or to demolish them without any suitable alternative.

Based on advice received from our legal advisors and consistent with most Court rulings on the matter and the Israeli Attorney General opinion on the matter (given in May 2008) that the exemption from obtaining a building permit applies to cellular radio access devices, we have not requested building permits under the Planning and Building Law for rooftop radio access devices.

Notwithstanding the Attorney General's opinion, in May 2008 the District Court of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa, in its capacity as court of appeals, ruled that our and other cellular operators’ devices do not meet the exemption’s requirements and therefore cannot be relied upon by us and other cellular operators. We and other cellular operators appealed against this ruling to the Supreme Court and the State notified the Supreme Court it concurs with our and another cellular operator’s appeals against the District Court ruling. The Supreme Court decided to hear our appeal together with two appeals filed in 2008 and 2009, including by the Union of Local Authorities in Israel and certain local planning and building authorities, requesting to argue against the position of the State.

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However, in September 2009, following publication of an inter-ministry committee established to examine the appropriateness of future application of the exemption according to the Attorney General opinion, the Attorney General concluded that the application of the exemption does not balance properly the different interests involved and therefore cannot continue and at its request, the Israeli Supreme Court issued in 2010 an interim order which prevents cellular operators from constructing further radio access devices in cellular networks in reliance on the exemption until the enactment of regulations setting conditions for the application of such an exemption or other decision by the court, other than the replacement of existing radio access devices under certain conditions. Hot Mobile and Golan are allowed to construct radio access devices in reliance on the exemption, under certain limitations. Certain relaxation to the prohibition, allowing the replacement of radio access devices under certain conditions, was approved by the Court with the Attorney General's approval, in March 2016. Further, in 2017 the state notified the Supreme Court that the Ministry of Finance approved and is in the process of deliberations with other regulators on draft regulations setting procedures for making changes in existing radio access devices including replacement thereof and for the construction of a limited number of new radio access devices exempt from building permits, but requiring certain municipal procedures. We cannot estimate what will be the final version of the regulations will be and whether they would alleviate or further burden the current procedures for making changes and constructing new radio access devices. If the regulations are enacted and final regulations include significant limitations on the ability to make changes to and construct radio access devices based on such exemption, it may adversely affect our existing networks and our networks' build-out. We are awaiting the Court's decision regarding the appeals.

Additionally, in November 2008 and again in October 2014, the District Court, in its capacity as court of appeals, ruled that the exemption does not apply to radio access devices, if the rooftop on which those devices are located is at the same level as a place of residence or other building that is regularly frequented by people. Other appeals relating to the exemption, including as to the requirement to obtain an extraordinary usage permit in certain circumstances, are still under consideration, as well as other claims asserting that those cell sites and other facilities do not meet other legal requirements continue.

An annulment of, or inability to rely on, or substantial limitation of, the exemption, the dismantling of radio access devices and cell sites due to reasons out of our control and the objection of some local planning and building authorities to grant due permits where required, could have a negative impact on our ability to obtain environmental permits for these sites, could negatively affect the extent, quality, capacity and coverage of our network (specifically in urban areas), and our ability to continue to market our products and services effectively and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Radio access devices do receive the required permits from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Since October 2007, the Commissioner of Environmental Radiation at the Ministry of Environmental Protection took the position that he will not grant and/or renew operating permits to radio access devices, where the local planning and building committee’s engineer objected to the Company's reliance upon this exemption for radio access devices. We believe that in taking this position, the Commissioner is acting beyond his powers.

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Several local planning and building authorities argue that Israeli cellular operators may not receive building permits in reliance on the current Plan, for cell sites operating in frequencies not specifically detailed in the frequencies charts attached to the Plan. In a number of cases, these authorities have refused to issue a building permit for such new cell sites, arguing that building permits for such cell sites should be sought through other processes (which are longer and cumbersome), such as an application for an extraordinary usage or under existing local specific zoning plans. Since 2002, following the approval of the Plan, building permits for the Company's cell sites (where required) have been issued in reliance on the Plan. The proposed draft amendment to the Plan covers all new cell sites requiring a building permit, independently of the frequencies in which they operate. Most of our cell sites and many cell sites operated by other operators, also operate in frequencies not specifically detailed in the Plan. The frequencies allocated in the 2011 UMTS tender to Hot Mobile and Golan as well as the frequencies awarded under the January 2015 4G frequencies tender, are also not detailed in the Plan. We believe that the Plan applies to all cell sites, whether or not they operate in specific frequencies.

If this approach escalates, it would have a negative impact on our ability to deploy additional cell sites (until such time as the Plan is amended to include all cellular cell sites), which could negatively affect the extent, quality and capacity of our network coverage and our ability to continue to market our products and services effectively.

In addition to cell sites, we provide repeaters (also known as bi-directional amplifiers) and femto-cells to subscribers seeking a solution to weak signal reception within specific indoor locations. Based on advice received from our legal advisors, we have not requested building permits under the Planning and Building Law for outdoor rooftop repeaters, which are a small part of the repeaters that have been installed. It is unclear whether other types of repeaters and femto-cells require building permits. Some repeaters and femto-cells require specific permits and we receive such permits, and others require a general permit from the Ministry of Environmental Protection in respect of their radiation level, and we ensure that each repeater functions within the parameters of the applicable general permit. Should it be established that the installation of repeaters and femto-cells (including those already installed) requires a building permit, we will perform cost-benefit analyses to determine whether to apply for permits for existing repeaters or to remove them and whether to apply for permits for new repeaters or femto-cells.

In addition, we construct and operate microwave sites as part of our transmission network. The various types of microwave sites receive permits from the Ministry of Environmental Protection in respect of their radiation level. Based on advice received from our legal advisors, we believe that building permits are not required for the installation of these microwave facilities on rooftops. If the courts determine that building permits are necessary for the installation of these sites, it could have a negative impact on our ability to obtain environmental permits for these sites and to deploy additional microwave sites and could hinder the extent, quality and capacity of our transmission network coverage and our ability to continue to market our landline services to our business customers (based on our own infrastructure) effectively.

Operating a cell site or a facility without the requisite permits or not in accordance with permits granted could subject us and our officers and directors to criminal, administrative and civil liability. Should any of our officers or directors be found guilty of an offence, although this has not occurred to date, they may face monetary penalties and a term of imprisonment. In addition, our sites or other facilities may be the subject of demolition orders and claims of breach of contract and we may be required to relocate cell sites to less favorable locations or stop operation of cell sites. This could negatively affect the extent, quality and capacity of our network coverage and adversely affect our results of operations.

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In May 2012, the positions of the Ministries of Communications, Health and Environmental Protection in relation to the various aspects of the provision of 4G services in Israel were published. The Ministries held the position that 4G services would involve some increase in the level of non-ionizing radiation the public will be exposed to and that in order to minimize such increase 4G deployment should, among others, be based on current cell sites, additional outdoor and indoor small cell sites and, whenever possible, use wireline infrastructure so that data traffic shall be carried mostly through wirelines and not cellular infrastructure. The Ministry of Environmental Protection stated that full deployment of 4G infrastructure, under the guidelines set by the ministries shall decrease the level of exposure from handsets and create a more balanced level of exposure from cell sites, and in any case much lower than the maximum exposure levels recommended by the international health organization and required under the environmental permits for cell sites in Israel. In August 2014, the Ministry of Communications allowed the provision of 4G services and in January 2015, 4G frequencies were awarded to the cellular operators. The abovementioned recommendations were not included in the approval or tender documents. See "– Construction and operating permits from the commissioner of environmental radiation" below for additional details.

Indemnification obligations

Under the Planning and Building Law , local building and planning committees require letters of indemnification from cellular operators indemnifying the committees for possible depreciation claims under Section 197 of the Planning and Building Law, as a condition for issuing a building permit for a cell site. Section 197 establishes that a property owner whose property value has been depreciated as a result of the approval of a building plan that applies to his property or neighboring properties may be entitled to compensation from the local building and planning committee. The limitation period within which depreciation claims may be brought under the Planning and Building Law is the later of one year from receiving a building permit under National Zoning Plan 36 for a cell site and six months from the construction of a cell site. The Minister of Interior Affairs retains the general authority to extend such period further.

To date we have provided approximately 410 indemnification letters in order to receive building permits. Local planning and building committees have sought to join cellular operators, including us, as defendants in depreciation claims made against them even though indemnification letters were not provided. We were joined as defendants in a small number of cases, and as of December 31, 2016, we are a party to one depreciation claims for immaterial amounts. We expect that we will be required to continue to provide indemnification letters as the process of deploying our cell sites continues. As a result of the requirement to provide indemnification letters, we may decide to construct new cell sites in alternative, less suitable locations, to reduce capacity coverage or not to construct them at all, should we determine that the risks associated with providing such indemnification letters outweigh the benefits derived from constructing such cell sites, which could impair the quality of our service in the affected areas.

Construction and operating permits from the commissioner of environmental radiation

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Under the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law, it is prohibited to construct and operate cell sites without a permit from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The Commissioner of Environmental Radiation is authorized to issue two types of permits: construction permits, for cell site construction; and operating permits, for cell site operation.

These permits contain various conditions that regulate the construction and/or operating of cell sites, as the case may be. Our cell sites routinely receive both construction and operating permits from the Commissioner within the applicable time frames. Some repeaters require specific permits and we receive such permits, and others require general permits from the Commissioner in respect of their radiation level, and we ensure that each repeater functions within the parameters of its applicable general permit.

Pursuant to the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law, the construction and operation of cell sites and other facilities requires the prior approval of the Commissioner. The validity of a construction permit will be for a period not exceeding three months, unless otherwise extended by the Commissioner, and the validity of an operating permit will be for a period of five years and we are required to submit to the Commissioner annual reports regarding radiation surveys conducted on our cell sites and other facilities by third parties that were authorized to conduct such surveys by the Commissioner. An applicant must first receive a construction permit from the Commissioner and only then may the applicant receive a building permit from the planning and building committee. In order to receive an operating permit from the Commissioner, certain conditions must be met, such as presenting a building permit or an exemption and means taken (including technological means) to limit exposure levels from each cell site or facility (relevant also for the receipt of a construction permit). Cellular operators are required to provide the Commissioner with online, ongoing data regarding the radiation level on each of the cell sites and other facilities operated by each cellular operator, satisfied by a monitoring system supplied by the Commissioner and installed at the operator's premises. We provide the Commissioner with the requested data. See "– Site licensing" above for additional details in regards to obtaining a building permit or relying on an exemption.

The Non-Ionizing Radiation Law also regulates permitted exposure levels, documentation and reporting requirements, and provisions for supervision of cell site and other facility operation. The Non-Ionizing Radiation Law grants the Commissioner authority to issue eviction orders if a cell site or other facility operates in conflict with its permit, and it imposes criminal sanctions on a company and its directors and officers for violations of the law. Failure to comply with the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law or the terms of a permit can lead to revocation or suspension of the permit, as well as to withholding the grant of permits to additional cell sites of that operator.

Several bills have been submitted in the past aiming to impose additional restrictions on the grant of permits under the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law and the Planning and Building Law. Any amendment to these laws that will prohibit or substantially limit the grant of permits under such laws, will, among other things, limit our ability to construct new sites (and if applied to existing cell sites, it will also limit our ability to renew operating permits for many of our existing sites), will adversely affect our existing networks and networks build out, specifically in urban areas, and could adversely affect our results of operations.

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Handsets

The Israeli Consumer Protection Regulations (Information Regarding Non-Ionizing Radiation from Cellular Telephones), 2002, regulate the maximum permitted level of non-ionizing radiation from handset that emit non-ionizing radiation, according to the European standard, for testing GSM devices, and the American standard, for testing TDMA and CDMA devices. They also require cellular operators to attach an information leaflet to each handset package that includes explanations regarding non-ionizing radiation, the maximum permitted level of non-ionizing radiation and the level of radiation of that specific model of equipment. The Radiation Regulations further require that such information also be displayed at points-of-sale, service centers and on the Internet sites of cellular operators.

We obtain type-approval from the Ministry of Communications for part of the handset models we import and for other models we inform the MOC and receive the MOC's approval for their import. SAR levels are a measurement of non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by a hand-held cellular handset at its specific rate of absorption by living tissue. SAR tests are performed by the manufacturers on prototypes of each model of handset, not for each and every item. We include the information published by the manufacturer regarding SAR levels as we do not perform independent SAR tests for equipment and rely for this purpose on information provided by the manufacturers. As the manufacturers’ approvals refer to a prototype handset, we have no information as to the actual SAR level of each specific item and throughout its lifecycle, including in the case of equipment repair. We inform our customers that there may be changes in the SAR levels in the event of equipment repair.

We are required to provide a warranty for certain end user equipment purchased from us, for certain malfunctions during the first year, and are required to provide repair services for two years and in certain cases, for three years. We are also required to annul equipment sale in certain circumstances, at the request of the customer.

Royalties

Under the Communications Law, the Israeli Communications Regulations (Royalties), 2001, and the terms of our general license, we are required to pay the State of Israel royalties equal to a certain percentage of our revenues generated from telecommunications services, less payments transferred to other license holders for interconnect fees or roaming services and losses from bad debt. No royalties were due for sale of handsets. Since 2013, that percentage was 0%.

Frequency fees

Frequency allocations for our cellular services are governed by the Wireless Telegraph Ordinance. We pay frequency fees to the State of Israel in accordance with the Israeli Wireless Telegraph Regulations (Licenses, Certificates and Fees), 1987.

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Fixed-line Segment

Our Fixed-line Licenses

Our Unified licenses

The establishment and operation of fixed-line communications networks, and allocation of spectrum if relevant, requires a license pursuant to the Communications Law and the Wireless Telegraph Ordinance (New Version), 1972.

In July 2015 our wholly-owned subsidiaries were granted three non-exclusive unified general licenses, allowing the provision of landline telephone, ILD and ISP services as well as a "network end point" services (replacing our former special general licenses for the provision of landline communications services, the general license for the provision of international telecommunication services, special licenses for the provision of ISP services and "network end point", i.e. installation and maintenance of telecommunication equipment at a customer's or the licensee's premises). The licenses expire in /20252026 but may be extended by the Ministry of Communications for successive periods of 10 years. We have deposited a bank guarantee in the amount of NIS 2 million with the Ministry of Communications upon receiving each of the licenses. The provisions of our cellular license, including as to its extension, generally apply to the unified license, subject to certain modifications, including a 20% minimum Israeli holding requirement which can be waived by the Minister of Communications when the unified license operator is controlled by a general license holder (as was done in our case).

The unified license allows its holder to provide any of the aforementioned services as well as MVNO services, subject to the inclusion of a relevant appendix in the unified license and it is intended to alleviate the requirements on license holders that are not required to have a nationwide infrastructure, in order to decrease entry barriers for additional competitors to enter those markets. Internet infrastructure services are provided under the unified license as well.

Our unified licenses are to be unified into one unified license. The unification process of our unified licenses into one license and its timing is yet to be determined in coordination between the Ministry of communications and the operator and may have various legal, financial, tax and accounting implications on our operations to the extent it would require the transfer of assets, goodwill, rights and obligations among the companies in our group or require an operational unification. The provision of several services by one entity may also circumvent the limitations on discrimination between operators.

ISP License

Internet Rimon, our subsidiary, holds a special license for the provision of ISP services. The license is valid through November 2017. The provisions of our cellular license, including as to its extension, generally apply to the ISP license, subject to certain modifications.

Services in Judea and Samaria

The Israeli Civil Administration in Judea and Samaria granted us non-exclusive licenses for the provision of ISP, ILD, landline and 'network end point' services to the Israeli-populated areas in Judea and Samaria. These license are effective until 2025/2026. The provisions of the cellular license described above, including as to its extension, generally apply to these licenses, subject to certain modifications.

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Data and transmission services

In 2000, we were granted a non-exclusive special license for the provision of local data communications services and high-speed transmission services only to one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, which is effective until December 2017. Data and transmission services are being provided to our customers through our wholly-owned subsidiary Cellcom Fixed Line. The provisions of our general and general specific licenses described above, including as to their extension, generally apply to this license, subject to certain modifications.

See also "- Cellular Segment – Permits for cell site construction - Site Licensing" above for a discussion regarding microwave sites forming a part of our transmission network.

Wholesale landline market

In May 2012, the Israeli Minister of Communications published a policy document regarding landline wholesale services, which mainly provided for: (1) the creation of an effective wholesale telecommunications access market in Israel, as Bezeq and Hot will allow other operators that do not own an infrastructure, to use their infrastructure in order to provide services to end users; (2) the gradual annulment of the structural separation in the Bezeq and Hot groups and its replacement with an accounting separation and change of the supervision on Bezeq retail tariffs to maximum tariffs rather than the current setting of fixed tariffs, generally depending on the development of a wholesale market and the state of competition in the market, and with relation to television broadcasting services, if there is a reasonable possibility of providing a basic package of television services through the internet by providers without a national landline infrastructure.

In November 2014, the Minister of Communications amended Bezeq's and Hot's Communications' licenses so as to include certain wholesale landline services, such as internet infrastructure services and wholesale landline telephony services, and the terms for the provision of such services (within 3-6 months from the date of that decision) as well as promulgated regulations setting the maximum tariffs of the wholesale landline services to be provided by Bezeq. In November 2014, the Ministry of Communications further published a hearing proposing a method of inspecting whether Bezeq and Hot reduce their retail tariffs and thereby reduce the difference between the wholesale and retail tariffs ("margin squeeze") for certain landline services, aiming at reducing the profit of operators who do not own landline infrastructure and preventing their operation in the market.

In January 2015, the Ministry of Communications further amended Bezeq and Hot's licenses to include additional landline services, such as the use of certain of their physical infrastructure by operators who do not own such infrastructure, and the terms for their provision, as of August 2015.

In February 2015, the wholesale landline market was formally launched in Israel (through non-automated operation) in regards to internet infrastructure services and in May 2015 the automated stage of the wholesale landline market was effected in regards to internet infrastructure services. Landline telephony service, which was to be provided as of May 2015, has not been provided yet and in December 2015, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing for an alternative temporary one year resale telephony service, at substantially higher tariffs than those set for the telephony wholesale service. We believe that a resale telephony service is not a viable alternative and that its adoption will harm the competition in the landline market and have therefore objected to its adoption. Further, Although the wholesale market was formally applicable to Hot's infrastructure as well, Hot's infrastructure has been effectively excluded from the wholesale market and in January 2016, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing proposing to set maximum tariffs for Hot's wholesale internet infrastructure services and noting it will not interfere with the tariffs Hot has set for its wholesale telephony service but since then has not published maximum tariffs for Hot's wholesale internet infrastructure (and Hot filed a petition against the MOC in February 2017, claiming the MOC is required to hold another hearing prior to setting such maximum tariffs), nor has the MOC published other decisions in regards to the technological implementation of the wholesale landline market on Hot's infrastructure yet. Effective inclusion of Hot's infrastructure in the wholesale market may increase the potential subscribers to our triple play and bundle offerings.

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Further, in January 2016 the Ministry of Communications announced its intention to annul Bezeq and Hot's structural separation as part of its plan to ensure massive investment in fiber optics infrastructure in Israel.

In December 2016, the Israeli Arrangements Law for2017-2018 amended the Communications Law applying certain wholesale obligations on all landline operators, including us and requiring all landline operators to grant all other landline operators access to their passive infrastructure (except IBC's passive infrastructure), the terms of which (with the exclusion of Bezeq whose terms are set by the regulator) will be negotiated by the parties. However, until October 2017, such requirement will not apply to a unified license landline operator's infrastructure (including us and Partner), nor will IBC, Hot or Bezeq be able to use each other's infrastructure. For changes to the Israeli Communication law, extending the Minister of Communications' authority to give instructions and set interconnect tariffs, usage of another operator's network rates and supervised services prices, and give instructions in relation to structural separation, see "–Government Regulation – Cellular Segment - Tariff supervision" above.

OTT TV

Television services over the Internet are currently not regulated in Israel. In July 2015, a committee nominated by the Ministry of Communications in order to examine, among other things, the regulatory principles and rules that should apply to both television broadcasting over the internet and the incumbents' TV service over cables and via satellite, submitted its recommendations.

In June 2016, a second advisory committee for the regulation of broadcasting nominated by the Ministry of Communications in October 2015, published its final recommendations, including: (1) classification of the audio visual providers in the market (defined as a provider that mainly directs its content to the Israeli public through any electronic means (technological neutrality)) into three categories and determination of the regulation applied to each class as follows: (i) a "small audio visual provider" (i.e. holds more than 10% market share) shall be subject to narrow regulation involving a mandatory license that shall include certain limitations ,such as, in relation to content, cross ownership and a choice of financing between subscription fees or advertisements; (ii) a "small and stable audio visual provider" (i.e. holds more than 10% market share for 3 consecutive years) shall be subject to the said narrow regulation in addition to a wide regulation which shall include mandatory investments in original Israeli content financing; (iii) a "material provider" (i.e. holds more than 20% market share) shall be subject to the said narrow and wide regulation and (iv) an audio visual provider who holds less than 10% market share shall be allowed to adopt a self-regulation; (2) setting a "must sell" obligation in regards to certain sport channels and sport leagues and Israeli original content productions (the latter after 3 years from initial broadcasting) to audio visual providers which hold a license and are subject to at least the narrow regulation to purchase; (3) changes to the basic narrow package HOT and YES must offer; and (4) regulation of advertising and commercial content.

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In March 2017, the Ministry of Communications adopted most of the above recommendations of the second committee and some remain under advisement. The implementation of such recommendations is subject to the adoption thereof by legislation. If the legislation adopted require us to make additional investments or impose unfavorable regulation on our OTT TV service, or apply such regulation to us and not to other OTT TV providers, or usage of the DTT infrastructure, it may adversely affect our OTT TV business.

In December 2016, the Israeli Arrangements Law for 2017-2018 amended the applicable law's provisions regarding the operation of the DTT infrastructure (currently operated by a statutory television authority), requiring the state to hold a tender for the operation of the DTT infrastructure, in which Bezeq, Hot and the existing commercial channels will not be permitted to participate, and setting a mandatory internet based broadcasting of DTT channels in the future.

See also "– Competition – Fixed-line Segment – Television services" above.

International long distance calling services

In October 2013, the Ministry of Communications published a hearing regarding a change to the ILD services regulation, which proposes, among other things: to annul the current limitation preventing landline and cellular operators from providing ILD services themselves (rather than through a separate corporation), which if adopted and applied to the Bezeq and Hot groups as well, would result in the annulment of the structural limitations currently imposed on them, in relation to the ILD services; that holders of a special license for the provision of ILD services will not be obligated to provide service to anyone so requesting nor to all the countries in the world; and to annul the restrictions on the cooperation between cellular and ILD operators in relation to prepaid calling cards. In February 2015, a second hearing proposing certain alternatives to the abovementioned proposed changes, to be applied to the Bezeq and Hot groups during an interim period ending upon annulment of structural separation, was published. The adoption of such changes would increase the competition in the ILD market even further and may adversely affect our results of operations.

The Communications Law prevents us from collecting early termination fees in the ILD and the landline telephony markets (excluding from customers with over a certain amount of monthly invoice for bundles or other services) since 2011. This has led to an increase in competition, churn rates and rate of gross recruitment of subscribers and price erosion.

Emergency situations

We may be subject to certain restrictions and instructions regarding our activities or provision of services during national emergencies or for reasons of national security or public welfare, which may increase our liability, including taking control of our cellular or landline networks. Further, the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Communications may determine that our services are deemed essential services, in which case we may be subject to further additional limitations on our business operations.

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Reporting requirements

We are subject to extensive reporting requirements. We are required to report to the Ministry of Communications the transfer of means of control from certain thresholds and changes of office holders, as well as to provide reports relating to our ongoing operation and services. We are required to submit to the Ministry of Communications detailed annual reports with information concerning subscribers, revenues by service, the number of new subscribers and churn, network performance, annual financial statements and prior notice of tariff increases. In addition, under our license we may be required by the Ministry of Communications to file additional reports, such as reports on complaints, pricing, specific costs and revenues, network problems and the development of the network. We are required to provide the Commissioner of Environmental Radiation under the Non-Ionizing Radiation Law and regulations with periodic and online, ongoing data of all cell sites operated by us.

Securities administrative enforcement

Under the Israeli Securities Law, certain violations of certain securities and securities-related laws supervised by the Israeli Securities Authority, or ISA, may be enforced through administrative measures. The ISA may impose various civil enforcement measures, including financial sanctions, payment to the injured party, prohibition of the violator from serving as an officer or a director for a specified period of time, annulment or suspension of licenses, approvals and permits granted under such laws and agreed settlement mechanism as an alternative to a criminal or administrative proceeding. In case of a violation by a corporation, vicarious responsibility could be attributed to the chief executive officer in some cases, unless certain conditions have been met, including the adoption and implementation of procedures for the prevention of the violation. We adopted such procedures for the prevention of violations. Since the commencement of operations by the Israeli Securities Law Administrative Enforcement Committee, significant monetary sanctions, ranging up to several million NIS in individual cases, have been imposed on several publicly traded companies and their affiliates for breach of the provisions of the Israeli Securities Law.

Contributing to the Community and Protecting the Environment

We and our employees have been contributing to the community since our inception. We consider contribution to the community in Israel an important component of our business vision and believe we have a responsibility toward the Israeli community, as we acknowledge that business leadership goes hand in hand with social leadership.

During 2016, 25% of our employees participated in volunteering activities in the community. In the 2016, after 12 years of contribution through our 28 "Cellcom Volume" youth centers initiative, we decided to shift our contribution to an association supporting ALS patients and family members. In that framework, we partnered with the association in various voluntary activities, including our employees' participation in a fundraising race for ALS patients and donation of approximately NIS 0.2 million in said race, the donation of a service workshop to the ALS association social workers and employees regarding the importance of service and provision of excellent service and familiarizing ALS patients with mitigating advanced technologies.

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We are aware of the importance of environmental protection. Accordingly, while providing quality products and services to our subscribers, we seek to operate responsibly to continuously reduce negative impacts on the environment and the landscape, aiming at a better environmental performance than required by local law. We dedicate personnel, funds and technologies to improve our performance, strive to achieve an efficient deployment of infrastructure subject to the applicable standards, and cooperate with the local authorities. We constantly monitor our environmental performance and aim to reduce our ecological footprint, through activities such as recycling of electronic components and packages, reduction of paper usage by managed printing, reduction of pollutants' emissions and energy usage as well as activities aimed at allowing our subscribers to better protect the environment, such as collecting used batteries, sending subscribers their monthly bill for our services and other correspondence from us via e-mail and as of 2014, also by SMS, in lieu of regular mail, transfer to usage of environment friendly raw materials and separation between different types of waste in our repair services and since 2014 are purchasing electricity produced by a private natural gas based power station.

C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The IDB Group

Our largest shareholder, DIC, is a majority-owned subsidiary of IDB, one of Israel’s largest business groups. IDB's debentures are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and DIC is a public Israeli company traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. See "Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – We are a member of the IDB group of companies, a large and highly regulated Israeli business groups, which may limit our ability to expand our business, to acquire other businesses or raise debt. The effects on us of IDB's financial condition are unclear" for details regarding IDB's financial situation and the footnote to the table under “Item 7.A – Major Shareholders” for information on the holdings in IDB.

We and 013 Netvision, our wholly-owned indirect company, are incorporated in Israel. 013 Netvision is our only significant subsidiary.

D. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Headquarters

In August 2003, we entered into a long-term agreement for the lease of our headquarters in Netanya, Israel. The leased property covers approximately 57,800 square meters, of which approximately 26,000 square meters consist of underground parking lots. The lease is in effect until December, 2022 and is renewable for two additional periods of five years each, upon our notice. As of 2015, we sublease a quarter of our headquarters to several sub-lessees for a period of up to five years, following the reduction in headcount in our headquarters. The sub-lessees have options to renew the lease for additional periods.

Netanya Property

In October 2010, we entered into a long-term agreement for the enlargement of our techno-logistic center, including our new central laboratory, in Netanya, Israel, and the lease thereof. The leased property covers approximately 11,000 square meters. The lease is for a term of ten years from August 2011 and is renewable for an additional period of 5 years, at our option. In case we do not exercise the option we shall be required to pay approximately NIS 11 million. As of January 2015, we sublease approximately 1,100 square meters of the leased property, for a period of five years and following our decision to transfer the central laboratory to our headquarters, in 2016 we sublease additional approximately 5,000 square meters of the leased property, for a period of 6 years. The sub-lessees have an option to renew the leases for an additional period subject to certain conditions.

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Haifa and Rosh-Ha’ayin Properties

We lease a property in Haifa and a property in Rosh-Ha'ayin. We use these properties for offices, for call centers, for network servers and for equipment storage. Until December 2011, this space was used as a headquarters for Netvision. The Haifa lease covers approximately 8,900 square meters, is in effect until December 2019, may be terminated by us in December 2018 subject to prior notice, and is renewable for three additional periods of two years each, upon our notice. The Rosh-Ha'ayin lease covers approximately 3,300 square meters, is in effect until December 2017 and is renewable for five additional periods of two years each, upon our notice. We sublease part of the property in Rosh-Ha'ayin to our wholly-owned dealer and another subsidiary.

Electricity

In December 2010, we entered into an agreement with Ashdod Energy Ltd. (subsequently assigned to Ramat Negev Energy Ltd.), which constructed a private power plant fueled by natural gas in Israel, and we commenced purchasing a portion of our electricity from it in 2014. Under the agreement as amended in July 2012, we committed to purchase electricity for the earlier of a period of 15 years from commencement of operations of the power plant or until January 2028, subject to our right to terminate the agreement after six years from the commencement of operations of the power plant under certain conditions.

Service Centers, Points of Sale and Cell Sites

As of December 31, 2016, we leased 78 service centers, points of sale and other facilities (including those operated by our wholly-owned dealer), which are used for marketing, sales and customer service. Lease agreements for our retail stores and service centers are generally for periods of two to three years, with extension options that vary by location.

In addition, we lease from various parties, including the Israeli Land Authority, or ILA, municipalities and private entities sites for the establishment, maintenance and operation of cell sites for our cellular network. The duration of these lease agreements varies and ranges, in most cases, from two to five years, with an option to extend the lease for successive similar periods. The lease agreements also differ from each other in aspects such as payment terms and exit windows that enable us to terminate the agreement prior to its scheduled expiration. In some of the agreements, the lessor is entitled to terminate the agreement at any time without cause, subject to prior notice. Based on our past experience, we encounter difficulties in extending the term of approximately 5% of the lease agreements for cell sites, which at times results in our having to pay higher rent in order to remain in the same locations or to find alternative sites.

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In addition, we lease a number of points of presence in Israel that are used for equipment and servers storage and storage of operators and other communications equipment for the provision of landline services, and leases storage space for its servers and equipment in New York City, London and Frankfurt.

Authorization Agreement with Land Regulatory Authorities

In June 2013, we renewed an authorization agreement with the ILA (which manages the lands of the Development Authority and the Jewish National Fund) that authorizes us to use lands managed by the ILA for the establishment and operation of cell sites. The authorization agreement is effective until 2019.

The authorization agreement provides that subject to the receipt of approval from the ILA, we will be entitled to establish and operate cell sites on the lands leased to third parties throughout the agreement’s term. In connection with the authorization agreement we undertook to vacate at the end of the agreement’s term all facilities installed in the authorized area unless the authorization period is extended.

Under the authorization agreement, the ILA is entitled to revoke authorizations granted to us in the event of changes in the designation of the land on which a cell site was erected, in the event that we violate a fundamental condition of the authorization agreement, in the event that the holders of rights in the properties on which we erected cell sites breach the agreements between them and the ILA and in the event that the land on which a cell site was erected is required for public use.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following operating and financial review and prospects should be read in conjunction with “Item 3. Key Information – A. Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, which differ in certain respects from U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP. Following our adoption of IFRS, as issued by the IASB, we are no longer required to reconcile our financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS to U.S. GAAP.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many important factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

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A. OPERATING RESULTS

Overview

General

We are the largest provider of cellular communications services in Israel with approximately 2.801 million cellular subscribers as of December 31, 2016, with an estimated market share of 27.5%, as well as a major ISP and ILD services supplier. In 2015 we also entered the TV market and the internet infrastructure market (through the recently launched landline wholesale market).

We earn revenues and generate our primary sources of cash by offering a broad range of communications services, including cellular, Internet services (ISP and infrastructure) , international calling services (ILD), landline services and OTT TV services.

As of 2016, as a result of business and regulatory changes, as well as the Group’s entry into new fields of operation in the landline market - sales of television services and sales of internet infrastructure services, the Group’s management attention in general and its chief operating decision maker's attention in particular, have shifted to focus on two main fields of operations, “Cellular” and “Fixed-line.” Accordingly we adjusted our operating segment for reporting prior periods as of January 1, 2014, on a retroactive basis.

Our cellular segment’s services include basic cellular communications services and data transfer, download and upload, as well as text and multimedia messaging services and advanced cellular content services, which we provide through our 2G and 3G networks, covering substantially all of the populated territory of Israel, and our 4G network covering most of the population of Israel. We also provide international roaming services to our subscribers in 180 countries as of December 31, 2016 as well as to subscribers of foreign networks visiting Israel. We offer our subscribers a wide selection of handsets of various leading global manufacturers as well as extended warranty services on most handsets we offer.

Our fixed-line segment’s services include landline telephony services, internet infrastructure (since May 2015, through the landline wholesale market) and connectivity services, television services (since December 2014), international calling services (ILD) and end user fixed-line equipment. We have an advanced fiber-optic transmission infrastructure of approximately 1,800 kilometers. Together with our complementary microwave-based infrastructure, our fiber-optic infrastructure connects the majority of our cell sites with the remainder connected using supplemental transmission capacity leased from Bezeq, the incumbent landline operator, and Hot. Having our own transmission network enables us to save substantial operating cash lease costs that would be associated with complete reliance on Bezeq’s infrastructure, although these savings are partially offset by maintenance costs and microwave spectrum fees. We sell our various services on a stand-alone basis or bundled with certain other services offered by us which as of May 2015 also included triple play bundles of internet infrastructure and ISP, landline telephony and TV services. Entering a new and penetrated market requires substantial investment and additional expenses.

Our management evaluates our performance through focusing on our key performance indicators, which include among others: average revenue per user of cellular and landline subscribers, or ARPU, EBITDA (as defined in “Results of Operations”), EBITDA as percentage of revenues, operating income, net income cash flow, number of cellular, landline ISP, internet infrastructure and OTT TV subscribers or households (both standalone and as a part of a bundle or triple play package), subscriber churn rate, handset sales and profitability and Net Promoter Score, or NPS, (indicating our subscribers’ satisfaction with our services). These key performance indicators are primarily affected by the competitive and regulatory landscape in which we operate and our ability to adapt to the challenges posed. We intend to drive revenue primarily by: maximizing the benefits of our position as a leading Israeli telecommunications group; offering our customers full and comprehensive mobile and wireline solutions and bundles of services (including triple play) and enhancing our competitive capabilities; retaining our existing subscribers; offering new services that are synergetic to our core businesses; growing wireline service revenues; and attracting new subscribers. We intend to continue our efforts to optimize our costs by implementing further efficiency measures, reducing our expenses, including through the network sharing and hosting agreements we entered with Golan and Xfone, and adjusting our operations to the changing market conditions, but cannot guarantee the success of these measures.

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In July 2016, we entered a 4G network sharing and 2G and 3G hosting agreement with Xfone, which was awarded 4G frequencies in the 2015 frequencies tender and has not entered the cellular market yet. Such agreement has been approved by the Israeli Antitrust Commissioner and awaits the approval of the Minister of Communications. We cannot estimate the chances and if so, the timing, of Xfone entering the cellular market. In January 2017 we annulled the 2015 agreement for the purchase of Golan, one of the other four MNO's operating in Israel, after the regulators' refusal to approve it and ongoing litigation with Golan resulting from repeated breaches of their agreements with us. A successful mediation process held following the filing of our petition to liquidate Golan resulted in Golan entering a share purchase agreement with Electra, which simultaneously entered a 3G and 4G network sharing and 2G hosting services agreement with us and the aforementioned annulment of our 2015 purchase agreement of Golan. We cannot estimate the likelihood of the Ministry of Communications' approval of the Xfone network sharing agreement (the Golan network sharing agreement and Electra-Golan share purchase agreement have been already approved by the Antitrust Commissioner and the Ministry of Communications) and completion of such agreements, or the impact of failure to complete such agreements on our ability to collect amounts owed by Golan or to generate future revenues from Golan. A substantial reduction of the future revenues from Golan will have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.

For details of our network sharing and hosting agreements with Golan and Xfone, see "Item 4. Information on the Company –B. Business Overview – Network and Infrastructure – Cellular Segment – Network sharing agreements". For details of our mediation agreement with Golan, see" Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Developments– Our History."

In February 2015, we entered a collective employment agreement with the Company's employees' representatives and the Histadrut for a term of three years (2015-2017). In January 2016, the Histradrut announced a labor dispute at the Company with respect to outsourcing and other employment issues.

The Israeli telecommunications market is currently dominated by four communications groups: Bezeq, Hot, Partner-012 Smile and Cellcom, with the first two having a full landline infrastructure. While an effective wholesale landline market (launched in 2015) enhances our ability to compete and extend our service offering, the annulment of structural/corporate separation imposed on the Bezeq and Hot groups, and Bezeq's tariffs supervision or other favorable regulatory changes relating to the Bezeq and Hot groups, may have a material adverse effect on our competitive capabilities and results of operation.

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The communications market and specifically the cellular industry are primarily regulated by the Ministry of Communications. Regulatory changes have had material adverse effects on our results of operations in recent years. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations.” While our pricing is not generally regulated, certain of our rates and pricing mechanisms are subject to regulation. See "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular Segment – Tariff Supervision."

Since 2012, our results of operations have been materially adversely affected by regulatory changes, which have also facilitated the entry of additional competitors and dramatically increased competition. Competition may increase further if current trends continue, if our network sharing and hosting agreement with Golan or Golan's share purchase agreement with Electra are not approved by the regulators, if the landline wholesale market, launched in 2015, is ineffective, if the structural separation imposed on the Bezeq and Hot groups is annulled or further relaxed, or if new competitors enter the communications markets. During that period, we have continually implemented aggressive efficiency measures in order to mitigate those adverse effects, which included voluntary retirement plans for employees. We intend to continue to implement changes in order to continue our efforts to mitigate the adverse effects of the increased competition in many areas in which we operate. We cannot guarantee the success of these measures. Moreover, unionization of our employees may impede the execution of such measures. See "Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business - We face intense competition in all aspects of our business" and "-The unionizing of our employees may impede necessary organizational and personnel changes, result in increased costs or disruption to our operation", and "Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview – Competition" for additional details.

The construction and operation of our cell sites and other transmission facilities are highly regulated and require us to obtain various consents and permits. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations – Cellular segment – Permits for Cell Site Construction.” We have experienced difficulties in obtaining some of these consents and permits and our ability to rely on an exemption from obtaining a building permit was severely limited. Also, we may be operating a significant number of our cell sites in a manner not fully compatible with the building permits issued for them. Additional restrictions on the construction and operation of cell sites and other facilities may be enacted or we may be required to demolish or relocate these cell sites and facilities, which may adversely affect our existing networks and networks build out, specifically in urban areas, may prevent us from meeting our license requirements and could adversely affect our results of operations. Our profitability is also affected by other factors, including changes in our cost of revenues and selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses, including depreciation and financing expenses.

Our results are also impacted by currency fluctuations. While substantially all of our revenues are denominated in NIS, for 2016, approximately14 % of cash outflow was denominated in, or linked to, other currencies, mainly U.S. dollars. Changes to the Israeli CPI, may also impact our results as our debentures (excluding Series E, G, I and K) and some of our expenses are linked to the Israeli CPI. Any devaluation of the NIS against the U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies will therefore increase the NIS cost of our expenses that are not denominated in NIS or are linked to those currencies and any increase in the Israeli CPI will increase the financial expenses associated with our debentures. We enter into derivative instruments to mitigate the effect of the various market risks associated with these expenses. See “Item 11 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

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Further, we have incurred significant debt by issuing debentures and receiving loans, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of which as of December 31, 2016 was NIS 4,069 million. See “ – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Debt Service” and "-Other Credit Facilities”.

In February 2006, our Board of Directors adopted a policy to distribute each year at least 75% of our annual net income. In March 2007, our Board resolved to distribute dividends within the boundaries of the February 2006 dividend policy and until resolved otherwise, on a quarterly basis. In respect of 2014, 2015 and 2016, our board of directors chose not to declare dividends given the intensified competition and its adverse effect on our results of operations and in order to strengthen our balance sheet. We undertook limitations on our dividend distributions in connection to the issuance of our F through K debentures and other credit facilities. See “Item 8. Financial Information – A. Statements and Other Financial Information - Dividend Policy” and “– B. Liquidity and Capital Resources – Dividend payments” and "– Debt Service" and "– Other Credit Facilities".

Revenues

We derive our revenues in the cellular segment primarily from the sale of cellular network services (such as airtime and data surfing), including hosting services to other operators, handsets and other services, including content and value added services, repair services, and roaming services. Roaming services include roaming charges that we bill to our subscribers for the use of the networks of our roaming partners outside Israel, to which we refer as outbound roaming, and charges that we bill to our roaming partners whose subscribers use our network, to which we refer as inbound roaming. Revenues from airtime are derived from cellular subscribers (our or the hosted operator's subscribers) originating calls on our network and from interconnect revenues from other operators for calls terminating on our network.

Our revenues in the fixed-line segment are derived from the sale of fixed-line communications services which include: internet connectivity and related services (ISP) and internet infrastructure services (through the landline wholesale market, since February 2015), OTT TV services (since December 2014), transmission services, international calling services (ILD), landline telephony services, operator services and teleconferencing services and equipment sales that are related to this segment.

Our revenues from cellular services are usually affected by seasonality with the third quarter of the year characterized by higher roaming revenues due to increased incoming and outgoing tourism. Equipment sales of the fixed-line segment are usually higher in the fourth quarter.

Cost of revenues

The principal components of our cost of revenues are the purchase of equipment, interconnect fees, content cost, cell site leasing costs, salaries, transmission services cost, internet connectivity services cost, purchase of call minutes related mainly to international calling services, outbound roaming services fees and cost of Internet infrastructure. Our cost of revenues also includes depreciation of the cost of our network equipment, tv set-top boxes, amortization of our spectrum licenses and rights of use of communications lines. See “– Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates Long-lived assets - depreciation.”

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Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of sales force salaries and commissions, advertising, public relations and promotional expenses. We compensate our sales force through salaries and incentives. Our selling and marketing expenses also include depreciation, mainly of leasehold improvements and equipment in our service centers and points of sales, and amortization of intangible assets related to the acquisition of subsidiaries.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and compensation, professional and consultancy fees, leases and maintenance of our offices, bad debt and doubtful accounts allowance, and other administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses also include depreciation and maintenance fees, mainly for our billing and information systems.

Other income and expenses

Other income and expenses consist primarily of expenses related to employee retirement plan (in 2014, 2015 and 2016) and capital gains or losses from sale of property, plant and equipment.

Financing income and expenses

Financing income and expenses consist primarily of interest expense on long-term loans and interest on our debentures and other credit facilities, the interest income component of handset long-term installment sales, the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates, Israeli CPI adjustments related to the Israeli CPI-linked debentures and other expenses, and income or losses relating to financial derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting according to IFRS. Financing income and expenses also include interest income on deposits, premium amortization associated with our debentures, and gains and losses from our current investment in tradable securities.

Income Tax

Generally, Israeli companies were subject to corporate tax on their taxable income at the rate of 26.5% for the 2014 and 2015 tax years, 25% for the 2016 tax year and will be subject to a corporate tax rate of 24% for the 2017 and 23% for the tax years of 2018 and onward.

Israeli companies are subject to capital gains tax at the corporate tax rate. A deferred tax asset or liability is created for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

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Results of Operations - Comparison of 2014, 2015 and 2016

The following table sets forth key performance indicators for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,									Change*
	2014			2015			2016			2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
Cellular subscribers at end of period(1) (in thousands)		2,967			2,835			2,801			(4.4	%)		(1.2	%)
Internet infrastructure - households (end of period) (in thousands) (2)		-			95			163			-			71.6	%
TV - households (end of period) (in thousands) (2)		-			63			111			-			76.2	%
Churn rate of cellular subscribers(1)(3)		44	%		42	%		42	%		2	pp		-
Average monthly revenue per cellular subscriber (ARPU) (1)(4) (in NIS)		72			65			63			(9.7	%)		(3.1	%)
Operating income (in NIS millions)		662			310			310			(53.2	%)		-
Net income (in NIS millions)		354			97			150			(72.6	%)		54.6	%
EBITDA(5) (in NIS millions)		1,282			872			858			(32.0	%)		(1.6	%)
Operating income margin(6)		14.5	%		7.4	%		7.7	%		(7.1	pp)		0.3	pp
EBITDA margin(7)		28.1	%		20.9	%		21.3	%		(7.2	pp)		0.4	pp

pp denotes percentage points and this measure of change is calculated by subtracting the 2014 measure from the 2015 measure and the 2016 measure from the 2015 measure, respectively.

(1)

(2)

TV and Internet Infrastructure subscribers (households) refer to active subscribers.

(3)

Churn rate is defined as the total number of voluntary and involuntary permanent deactivations of cellular subscribers in a given period expressed as a percentage of the number of cellular subscribers at the beginning of such period. Involuntary permanent deactivations relate to cellular subscribers who have failed to pay their arrears for the period of six consecutive months. Voluntary permanent deactivations relate to cellular subscribers who terminated their use of our services. Churn rate data is excluding the above mentioned removals of subscribers.

(4)

Average monthly revenue per cellular subscriber (ARPU) is calculated by dividing revenues from cellular services for the period by the average number of cellular subscribers during the period and by dividing the result by the number of months in the period. Revenues from inbound roaming services and hosting services are included even though the number of subscribers in the equation does not include the users of those roaming and hosting services. Inbound roaming services and hosting services are included because ARPU is meant to capture all service revenues generated by a cellular network. Revenues from sales of Subscription Repair Services are included because they represent recurring revenues generated by subscribers, but revenues from sales of handsets (which for purposes of this report may include other types of cellular end user equipment, such as tablets), Random Repair Services, and other services are not. We and industry analysts, treat ARPU as a key performance indicator of a cellular operator because it is the closest meaningful measure of the contribution to service revenues made by an average subscriber.

We have set out below the calculation of cellular ARPU for each of the periods presented:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014		2015		2016
	(In NIS millions, except number of subscribers and months)

Revenues		4,570		4,180		4,027
less revenues from equipment sales		1,005		1,048		994
less other revenues*		941		869		881

Revenues used in ARPU calculation (in NIS millions)		2,624		2,263		2,152
Average number of subscribers		3,034,946		2,898,987		2,832,407
Months during period		12		12		12
ARPU (in NIS, per month)		72		65		63

Other revenues include revenues from other communications services such as internet, transmission services and local and international landline services.

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(5)

EBITDA is a non-IFRS measure and is defined as income before financing income (expenses), net; other income (expenses), net; (excluding expense related to employee retirement plans) income tax; depreciation and amortization; and share based payments. We present EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period and company to company by backing out potential differences caused by variations in capital structure (most particularly affecting our interest expense given our significant debt), tax positions (such as the impact on periods or companies of changes in effective tax rates or net operating losses) and the age of, and depreciation expenses associated with fixed assets. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income or other statement of operations or cash flow data prepared in accordance with IFRS as a measure of our profitability or liquidity. EBITDA does not take into account our debt service requirements and other commitments, including capital expenditures, and, accordingly, is not necessarily indicative of amounts that may be available for discretionary uses. In addition, EBITDA, as presented in this annual report, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies due to differences in the way these measures are calculated.

The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA with net income and operating income:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014		2015			2016
	(In NIS millions)
Net income		354		97			150
Financing expenses, net		198		177			150
Taxes on income		110		36			10
Operating income		662		310			310
Other expenses (income), net		7		(3	)		8
Depreciation and amortization		610		562			534
Share based payments		3		3			6
EBITDA		1,282		872			858

(6)

Operating income margin is defined as operating income as a percentage of total revenues for each of the applicable periods.

(7)

EBITDA margin is defined as EBITDA as a percentage of total revenues for each of the applicable periods.

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of income as a percentage of total revenues from operations for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016
Revenues		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of revenues		59.7	%		66.1	%		67.1	%
Gross profit		40.3	%		33.9	%		32.9	%
Selling and marketing expenses		14.7	%		14.8	%		14.3	%
General and administrative expenses		10.1	%		11.1	%		10.4	%
Other (income) expenses, net		1.0	%		0.5	%		0.5	%
Operating income		14.5	%		7.4	%		7.7	%
Financing expenses, net		4.3	%		4.2	%		3.7	%
Income before income tax		10.2	%		3.2	%		4.0	%
Income tax		2.4	%		0.9	%		0.2	%
Net income		7.7	%		2.3	%		3.7	%

Revenues

	Year Ended December 31,						Change
	2014		2015		2016		2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Revenues		4,570		4,180		4,027		(8.5	%)		(3.7	%)

The decrease in revenues in 2016 compared with 2015 is attributable to a 3.2% decrease in service revenues, driven by a decrease in the cellular segment's service revenues and a 5.2% decrease in equipment revenues. The decrease in service revenues was partially offset by an increase in revenues from the fixed-line segment in the Internet and TV fields.

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The decrease in revenues in 2015 compared with 2014 is attributable mainly to a 12.1% decrease in service revenues due to the intensified competition in the cellular market as well as a decrease in ISP and international calling revenues. The decrease in service revenues was partially offset by a 4.3% increase in equipment revenues and revenues from TV fields services launched at the end of 2014.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenues for the periods indicated based on the various sources thereof:

	2014					2015					2016
	Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues
	(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)
Service revenues:
Cellular services		2,487		54.4	%		2,121		50.7	%		2,025		50.3	%
Fixed-line communication
services*		940		20.6	%		866		20.7	%		871		21.6	%

Other services**		138		3.0	%		145		3.5	%		137		3.4	%
Total service revenues		3,565		78.0	%		3,132		74.9	%		3,033		75.3	%
Equipment revenues		1,005		22.0	%		1,048		25.1	%		994		24.7	%
Total revenues		4,570		100.0	%		4,180		100.0	%		4,027		100.0	%

Consists mainly of international calling services, landline telephony services, transmission services , hubbing services, internet services (ISP and internet infrastructure services) and TV services.

Consists of repair services fees.

During 2016, service revenues (comprising 75.3% of total revenues) decreased 3.2%, compared with 2015. This decrease in service revenues resulted mainly from a 4.5% decrease in revenues from cellular services due to the ongoing price erosion of those services and a decrease in subscriber base resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. Fixed-line service revenues totaled NIS 871 million in 2016 compared to NIS 866 million in 2015.

During 2015, service revenues (comprising 74.9% of total revenues) decreased 12.1%, compared with 2014. This decrease in service revenues resulted mainly from a 14.7% decrease in revenues from cellular services due to the ongoing price erosion of those services and a decrease in subscriber base resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. The decrease in service revenues also resulted from a decrease in revenues from internet services as well as decrease in revenues from long distance call services. Fixed-line contribution to service revenues totaled NIS 866 million (excluding inter-company revenues) in 2015, as compared to NIS 940 million in 2014.

Fixed-line service revenues totaled NIS 871 million in 2016 compared to NIS 866 million in 2015. This increase in fixed-line service revenues resulted mainly from an increase in revenues from Internet and TV fields. Such increase was partially offset by a decrease in revenues from long distance calls.

During 2015, revenues from fixed-line communications services decreased 7.8% as a result of a decrease in internet services revenues due to price erosion as well as a decrease in long distance call services revenues, which were partially offset by revenues from OTT TV services launched at the end of 2014.

During 2016, revenues from other services decreased 6.2%, compared with 2015. This decrease resulted from a decrease in repair services.

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During 2015, revenues from other services increased 5.1%, compared with 2014. This increase resulted from an increase in repair services.

During 2016, equipment revenues (comprising 24.7% of total revenues) decreased 5.1%, compared with 2015. This decrease resulted mainly from a decrease in the quantity of cellular segment end user equipment sold during 2016 as compared to 2015. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in end user equipment sales in the fixed-line segment.

During 2015, equipment revenues (comprising 25.1% of total revenues) increased 4.3%, compared with 2014. This increase resulted from an approximately 63.9% increase in fixed-line end-user equipment revenues totaled NIS 118 million in 2015, compared to NIS 72 million in 2014.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenues for the periods indicated based on the types of subscribers:

	2014					2015					2016
	Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues
	(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)
Individual		3,296		72.1	%		3,000		71.8	%		2,832		70.3	%
Business		1,087		23.8	%		1,011		24.2	%		971		24.1	%
Other*		187		4.1	%		169		4.0	%		224		5.6	%
Total		4,570		100.0	%		4,180		100.0	%		4,027		100.0	%

Consists of revenues from inbound roaming services, hosting services and other services.

A breakdown of revenues according to types of subscribers (individual and business) during 2016 compared with 2015, shows a 5.6% decrease in revenues attributable to individual subscribers and a 4.0% decrease in revenues attributable to business subscribers. These decreases resulted mainly from the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services, resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. The decrease in revenues attributable to both individual and business subscribers also resulted from a decrease in revenues in the fixed-line segment from international calling services which primarily resulted from price erosion due to market competition.

A breakdown of revenues according to types of subscribers (individual and business) during 2015 compared with 2014, shows a 9.0% decrease in revenues attributable to individual subscribers and a 7.0% decrease in revenues attributable to business subscribers. These decreases resulted mainly from the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services, resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. The decrease in revenues attributable to both individual and business subscribers also resulted from a decrease in revenues in the fixed-line segment from internet services and international calling services which primarily resulted from price erosion due to market competition.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenues for the periods indicated based on the types of subscription plans:

	2016					2015					2016
	Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues			Revenues		% of Total Revenues
	(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)					(in NIS millions)
Pre-paid		317		6.9	%		251		6.0	%		207		5.1	%
Post-paid		4,066		89.0	%		3,760		90.0	%		3,596		89.3	%
Other*		187		4.1	%		169		4.0	%		224		5.6	%
Total		4,570		100.0	%		4,180		100.0	%		4,027		100.0	%

Consists of revenues from inbound roaming services, hosting services and other services.

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A breakdown of revenues according to types of subscription plans (pre-paid and post-paid) during 2016 compared with 2015, shows a 4.4% decrease in revenues attributable to post-paid subscribers and a 17.5% decrease in revenues attributable to pre-paid subscribers. The decrease in revenues attributable to post-paid subscribers was primarily the result of the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services, resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. This decrease resulted also from a decrease in revenues in the fixed-line segment from international calling services. The decrease in revenues attributable to pre-paid subscribers resulted mainly from increased churn of pre-paid cellular subscribers, as well as from the ongoing price erosion. A breakdown of revenues according to types of subscription plans (pre-paid and post-paid) during 2015 compared with 2014, shows a 7.5% decrease in revenues attributable to post-paid subscribers and a 20.8% decrease in revenues attributable to pre-paid subscribers. The decrease in revenues attributable to post-paid subscribers was primarily the result of the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services, resulting from the intensified competition in the cellular market. This decrease resulted also from a decrease in revenues in the fixed-line segment from internet services and international calling services. The decrease in revenues attributable to pre-paid subscribers resulted mainly from increased churn of pre-paid cellular subscribers, as well as from the ongoing price erosion.

Segment Revenues Discussion

We operate in two operating segments:

Cellular Segment – this segment includes the cellular communications services, cellular equipment and supplemental services.

Fixed-line Segment – this segment includes landline telephony services, internet infrastructure and connectivity services (ISP), television services, landline equipment and supplemental services.

These segments are managed separately for the purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance.

We started presenting our operations in these two segments as of January 1, 2016 and adjusted our operating segment reporting for 2015 and 2014 on a retroactive basis; therefore, the segment reporting for those periods reflects the new reporting format.

We measure revenues on an operating segment basis. The following is a discussion of our revenues for our two operating segments:

	Year Ended December 31,									Change
	2014			2015			2016			2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Cellular service revenues		2,647			2,273			2,162			(14.1	%)		(4.9	%)
Cellular equipment revenues		933			930			836			(0.3	%)		(10.1	%)
Total cellular revenues		3,580			3,203			2,998			(10.5	%)		(6.4	%)
Fixed-line service revenues		1,140			1,063			1,071			(6.8	%)		0.8	%
Fixed-line equipment revenues		71			118			158			66.2	%		33.9	%
Total Fixed-line revenues		1,211			1,181			1,229			(2.5	%)		4.1	%
Consolidation adjustments		(221	)		(204	)		(200	)		(7.7	%)		(2.0	%)
Consolidated revenues		4,570			4,180			4,027			(8.5	%)		(3.7	%)

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Cellular Segment

Revenues from the cellular segment in 2016 totaled NIS 2,998 million (including inter-segment revenues), compared to NIS 3,203 million in 2015. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in service revenues of 4.9% due to the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services resulting from the intensified competition in the market and a decrease in cellular equipment revenues of 10.1% compared to 2015.

Revenues from the cellular segment in 2015 totaled NIS 3,203 million (including inter-segment revenues), compared to NIS 3,580 million in 2014. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in service revenues of 14.1% due to the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services resulting from the intensified competition in the market and a decrease in cellular equipment revenues of 0.3% compared to 2014.

Fixed-line Segment

Revenues for the fixed-line segment in 2016 totaled NIS 1,229 million (including inter-segment revenues), compared to NIS 1,181 million in 2015. This increase resulted mainly from an increase in fixed-line equipment sales revenues, as well as an increase in service revenues such as Internet and TV fields. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in revenues from long distance calling services.

Revenues for the fixed-line segment in 2015 totaled NIS 1,181 million (including inter-segment revenues), compared to NIS 1,211 million in 2014. This decrease resulted mainly from an increase in fixed-line equipment sales revenues, as well as an increase in service revenues such as Internet and TV fields. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in revenues from long distance calling services.

Segment EBITDA Discussion

We measure EBITDA on an operating segment basis. See note 6 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report for details of this measure of segment profitability. We define segment EBITDA as income for a segment before financing income (expenses), net; other income (expenses), net (excluding expenses related to employee retirement plans); income tax; depreciation and amortization; and share based payments.

Cellular segment

In 2016, the cellular segment generated EBITDA of NIS 625 million compared to NIS 601 million in 2015, a 4.0% increase. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in revenues from national roaming, and from a decrease in operating expenses, mainly as a result of efficiency measures we implemented during 2016 which led to a decrease in salary and other costs partially offset by a decrease of cellular service revenues due to the ongoing erosion in prices of cellular services.

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In 2015, the cellular segment generated EBITDA of NIS 601 million compared to NIS 823 million in 2014, a 27.0% decrease. The decrease resulted mainly from a decrease in service revenues, as a result of the increased competition in the market, partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses, mainly as a result of efficiency measures we implemented during 2015.

Fixed-line segment

In 2016, the fixed-line segment generated EBITDA of NIS 233 million compared to NIS 271 million in 2015, a 14.0% decrease. The decrease primarily resulted from an erosion in the long distance calling revenues and an erosion in internet field profitability.

In 2015, the fixed-line segment generated EBITDA of NIS 271 million compared to NIS 459 million in 2015, a 41.0% decrease. The decrease primarily resulted from erosion in our long distance calling service revenues and erosion in profitability in the internet field as well as our entering a new field of TV in 2015, which entailed an increase in costs.

Cost of revenues and gross profit

	Year Ended December 31,						Change
	2014		2015		2016		2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Cost of service revenues		1,983		2,000		2,028		0.9	%		1.4	%
Cost of equipment revenues		744		763		674		2.6	%		(11.7	%)
Total cost of revenues		2,727		2,763		2,702		1.3	%		(2.2	%)
Gross profit		1,843		1,417		1,325		(23.1	%)		(6.5	%)

The increase in cost of service revenues in 2016 compared with 2015 mainly resulted from an increase in content costs related to the TV field and in costs related to the landline wholesale market field. This increase was partially offset by efficiency measures we implemented during 2016 which led to a decrease in salary and other maintenance costs. The increase in cost of service revenues in 2015 compared with 2014 mainly resulted from an increase in content costs related to TV field services launched at the end of 2014. Cost of service revenues in 2014 also benefited from a one-time reduction of a provision for cell-sites rent expenses in the amount of NIS 44 million, as well as a one-time cancelation of a provision for communications cables expenses in the amount of NIS 22 million. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in other cost of revenues expenses such as depreciation and maintenance.

The decrease in cost of equipment revenues resulted mainly from a decrease in costs of end user equipment, primarily as a result of a decrease in the quantity of handsets sold during 2016 as compared to 2015.

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The increase in cost of equipment revenues in 2015 compared with 2014, resulted mainly from an increase in cost of equipment revenues in the Fixed-line segment to NIS 101 million in 2015 from NIS 55 million in 2014, due to the increase in sales of equipment to business customers, partially offset by an decrease in the average cost of cellular handsets.

The decrease in gross profit in 2016 compared with 2015 resulted mainly from the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services, an increase in content costs related to the TV field and in costs related to the landline wholesale market field.

The decrease in gross profit in 2015 compared with 2014 resulted mainly from the ongoing erosion in the price of cellular services and an increase of cost of revenues mainly due to one-time events during 2014.

Selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses

	Year Ended December 31,						Change
	2014		2015		2016		2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Selling and marketing expenses		672		620		574		(7.7	%)		(7.4	%)
General and administrative expenses		463		465		420		(0.1	%)		(9.7	%)
Total		1,135		1,085		994		(4.4	%)		(8.4	%)

The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in 2016 compared with 2015, was primarily the result of efficiency measures we implemented, which led to a decrease in salary costs, as well as a one-time expense in 2015 as a result of entering a collective employment agreement and from a decrease in amortization expenses.

The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in 2015 compared with 2014, was primarily the result of efficiency measures we implemented, which led to a decrease in advertising and other expenses and from a decrease in amortization expenses in 2015 compared with 2014 attributable to the acquisition of Netvision.

The decrease in general and administrative expenses in 2016 compared with 2015, resulted mainly from efficiency measures we implemented, which led to a decrease in IT (Information Technology) expenses and other expenses as well as a decrease in depreciation expenses.

The increase in general and administrative expenses in 2015 compared with 2014, resulted mainly from an increase in employee welfare costs as a result of the collective employment agreement, partially offset by efficiency measures we implemented, which led to a decrease in IT expenses and other expenses.

Other income (expenses), net

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016
	(In NIS millions)
Other income (expenses), net		(46	)		(22	)		(21	)

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Other expenses in 2016 primarily include an expense of NIS 13 million following an employee voluntary retirement plan executed in the second quarter of 2016, compared to an expense of NIS 25 million following an employee voluntary retirement plan for employees executed in the second quarter of 2015. Other expenses include also capital losses from sale of property, plant and equipment.

Other expenses in 2015 primarily include an expense of NIS 25 million following an employee voluntary retirement plan executed in the second quarter of 2015, compared to an expense of NIS 39 million following an employee voluntary retirement plan for employees executed in the second quarter of 2014.

Financing expenses, net

	Year Ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016
	(In NIS millions)
Financing expenses		(298	)		(232	)		(196	)
Financing income		100			55			46
Financing expenses, net		(198	)		(177	)		(150	)

Financing expenses, net, for 2016 decreased 15.3% compared with 2015. The decrease resulted mainly from a decrease in interest expenses associated with our debentures, due to a decrease in our average debt level in 2016 compared to 2015.

Financing expenses, net, for 2015 decreased 10.6% compared with 2014. The decrease resulted mainly from a decrease in interest expenses associated with our debentures, due to a decrease in our average debt level of approximately NIS 600 million in 2015 compared to 2014.

Interest and CPI linkage expenses associated with the principal amount of the debentures incurred during 2014, 2015 and 2016 were approximately NIS 251 million, NIS 169 million and NIS 157 million, respectively.

Income tax

	Year Ended December 31,						Change
	2014		2015		2016		2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Taxes on income		110		36		10		(67	.3%)		(72.2	%)

Taxes on income for 2016 decreased 72.2% compared with 2015. This decrease resulted mainly from the positive effects of a tax assessment agreement for the years 2012-2013 and a decrease in the corporate tax rate for the following years.

Taxes on income for 2015 decreased 67% compared with 2014. This decrease resulted mainly from the decrease in profit before income tax, attributed primarily to the adverse effect on our results, resulting from the intensified competition in the communications market.

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Net income

	Year Ended December 31,						Change
	2014		2015		2016		2015 vs. 2014			2016 vs. 2015
	(In NIS millions)
Net income		354		97		150		(72.6	%)		54.6	%

The increase in net income in 2016 compared with 2015, was primarily due to a decrease in financing expenses, net, mainly from a decrease in interest expenses associated with our debentures, due to a decrease in our average debt level, and from tax income, as a result of a tax assessment agreement for the years 2012-2013 and a decrease in corporate tax rate for the following years.

The decrease in net income in 2015 compared with 2014, was primarily due to a significant decrease in operating profit, attributed primarily to the adverse effect on our results resulting from the intensified competition in the communications market and erosion in revenues.

B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

General

Our liquidity requirements relate primarily to working capital requirements, debt service, capital expenditures for the expansion and enhancement of our networks, end user equipment and payment of dividends, to the extent declared. We fund these requirements through cash flows from operations and raising new debt.

Since institutional investors were required to follow certain procedures and requirements pursuant to Israeli regulation before investing in non-governmental debentures, our series F through K indentures include certain limitations and covenants. For additional details see "– Debt Service" below. These limitations are generally also included in our other credit facilities (see "– Other Credit Facilities" below) and are expected to apply to any additional debt incurred by us. These procedures, limitations and covenants limit our freedom to conduct our business, may impose additional costs on us and may limit our ability to borrow additional debt from Israeli institutional investors as well as adversely affect the terms and price of such debt raising.

In May 2012 and June 2013, the rating of our debentures was downgraded. Though the rating of our debentures remained stable since then, any downgrade in our ratings may adversely affect the terms and price of our debt or additional debt raised, particularly through the issuance of debentures to institutional investors, which, given the limitation on the ability of Israeli banks to lend money to us pursuant to the “Guidelines for Sound Bank Administration” issued by the Israeli Supervisor of Banks (as we are a member of IDB’s group of borrowers), may limit our ability to obtain additional financing to operate, develop and expand our business or to refinance existing debt. We believe that our free cash flow together with our financial reserves and our other credit facilities will be sufficient to fund our anticipated cash needs for working capital, capital expenditures and debt service for at least the next 12 months, including the distribution of dividends, should our Board of Directors decide to reinstate dividend payments (after having suspended dividend declaration after the dividend declaration for the third quarter of 2013 in order to strengthen our balance sheet) Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including level of revenues, the timing and extent of spending to support marketing and subscriber retention efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities and the timing of introductions of new products and enhancements of existing products, the level and timing of investing in our future networks, our OTT TV services and our internet infrastructure (via the wholesale market) services and any decision to reinstate dividends. Our Board of Directors would not expect to reinstate dividends unless it believes that our cash flow and available reserves will be sufficient to fund our needs, including our dividends.

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In February 2006, our Board of Directors adopted a policy to distribute each year at least 75% of our annual net income as dividends, subject to compliance with applicable law, our license and contractual obligations and so long as the distribution would not be detrimental to our cash needs or to any plans approved by our Board of Directors. We undertook limitations on dividend distributions in our indentures of series F through K debentures and in other credit facilities. See “Item 8. Financial Information – A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Dividend Policy”, "– Debt Service" and "–Other Credit Facilities" below. In respect of 2016, our Board of Directors chose not to declare dividends given the intensified competition and its adverse effect on our results of operations and in order to strengthen our balance sheet. It is possible that our Board of Directors’ estimate of our cash needs will be incorrect, or that events could occur that could increase our cash needs beyond anticipated. If that occurs, we may not have sufficient cash to cover these needs as a result of various expenditures previously made by the Company, including prior investments and expenses and prior dividend payments, and we would need to identify additional sources of financing, which could include equity or debt financing. We may not be able to obtain such financing on acceptable terms or at all.

Dividend payments

In 2014, 2015 and 2016 our Board of Directors chose not to declare dividends given the intensified competition and its adverse effect on our results of operations and in order to strengthen our balance sheet. During 2013, we distributed cash dividends in the aggregate amount of approximately NIS 85 million ($22 million), in respect of the third quarter of 2013 only, out of our retained earnings, and our Board of Directors chose not to declare dividends for the first, second, and fourth quarters of 2013, for the above reasons.

Debt service

Shelf Prospectus

In June 2014, we filed a shelf prospectus with the Israeli Securities Authority, or ISA, and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE. The shelf prospectus allows us, from time to time, until June 2017, to offer and sell various securities including debt and equity, in Israel, in one or more offerings, subject to filing a supplemental shelf offering report, that describes the terms of the securities offered and the specific details of the offering. In January 2015, we filed an amendment to the shelf prospectus with the ISA and TASE, which allowed us to offer the debentures holders of our series D and E debentures, to exchange them with our series H and I debentures, respectively, as described below under "Public Debentures". At this stage, no decision has been made as to the execution of any offering, nor as to its scope, terms and timing, if executed, and there is no certainty that such offering will be executed.

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The shelf prospectus includes our undertaking to comply with certain reporting obligations under the Israeli securities law in the event of certain warning signs of financial stress.

Public debentures

Our Series B debentures were issued in December 2005 and January 2006, to institutional and other investors in private placements and in May 2006, we issued additional debentures. The debentures are listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. As of December 31, 2016, Series B consisted of approximately NIS 185 million ($48 million) aggregate principal amount of debentures (after we repaid the principal payments in January of each 2013- 2016 in the sum of approximately NIS 185 million ($48 million) each). In January 2017 we repaid another principal payment in the same amount and repaid the Series B debentures in full.

Our series D debentures were issued in October 2007 to the public in Israel. In February 2008 we issued, in a private placement, additional debentures of this Series. In April 2009 and March 2011 (under our 2009 Shelf Prospectus) and in August 2011 (under our 2011 Shelf Prospectus), we issued to the public in Israel additional Series D debentures. The debentures are listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. In February 2015, pursuant to an exchange offer of our Series H and I debentures for a portion of our outstanding Series D and E debentures, respectively, or the Exchange Offer, we exchanged approximately NIS 555 million ($ 144million) principal amount of our Series D debentures with approximately NIS844 million ($ 220 million) principal amount of Series H debentures. Following the consummation of the Exchange Offer, our Series D debentures consisted of approximately NIS 899 million ($234 million) principal amount. As of December 31, 2016, Series D debentures consisted of approximately NIS 299 million ($78 million) aggregate principal amount (after we repaid principal payments in July of each 2013-2014 and July of each 2015-2016 in the sum of approximately NIS 485 million ($126 million) and NIS 300million($78 million), respectively and after the aforementioned exchange).

The Series D principal is payable in five equal annual payments on July 1, for each of the years 2013 through 2017 (inclusive). The interest on Series D debentures is payable annually on July 1, for each of the years 2008 through 2017 (inclusive). Series D debentures bear an annual interest rate of 5.19% and are linked (principal and interest) to the Israeli CPI for August 2007.

The Series D debentures are unsecured and do not restrict our ability to issue additional debentures of any class or distribute dividends in the future. The Series D debentures contain standard terms and obligations.

Our Series E debentures were issued in April 2009, to the public in Israel based on our 2009 shelf prospectus. In March 2011 (under our 2009 Shelf Prospectus) and in August 2011(under our 2011 Shelf Prospectus), we issued to the public in Israel additional Series E debentures. The debentures were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. In February 2015, pursuant to the Exchange Offer, we exchanged approximately NIS 272 million ($ 71million) principal amount of Series E debentures with approximately NIS335 million ($ 87million) principal amount of Series I debentures. Following the consummation of the Exchange Offer, our Series E debentures consisted of approximately NIS 327million ($85 million) principal amount. As of December 31, 2016, these debentures consisted of approximately NIS 164 million ($42 million) aggregate principal amount (after we repaid principal payments in January of each 2012- 2015 and in January 2016 in the amount of approximately NIS 300 million ($78 million) and approximately NIS 164 ($43 million), respectively). In January 2017, we repaid another principal payment in the amount of approximately NIS 164 ($43 million), and repaid the Series E debentures in full.

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Our Series F and G debentures were issued in March 2012 to the public in Israel under our 2011 shelf prospectus (as amended in March 2012) and were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. As of December 31, 2016, these debentures consisted of approximately NIS 715 million ($186 million) aggregate principal amount Series F debentures (and in January 2017, we repaid a principal payment in the amount of approximately NIS 71 ($18 million)) and approximately NIS 285 million ($74 million) aggregate principal amount Series G debentures (and in January 2017, we repaid another principal payment in the amount of approximately NIS 57 ($15 million)).

The Series F principal is payable in four annual installments: one payment of 10% of the principal on January 5, 2017, and three equal annual installments of 30% of the principal, on January 5 of each of the years 2018 through 2020 (inclusive). The interest on Series F debentures is payable in semi-annual installments on January 5 and on July 5, of each calendar years commencing July 5, 2012 through January 5, 2020 (inclusive). Series F debentures bear an interest rate of 4.35% per annum, linked to the Israeli CPI for February 2012. In June 2013, following the ratings decrease discussed above, the annual interest rate for our Series F debentures was increased by 0.25% to 4.60%, beginning July 5, 2013.

The Series G principal is payable in three annual installments: one payment of 20% of the principal on January 5, 2017, a second payment of 50% of the principal on January 5, 2018 and a third and last payment of 30% of the principal on January 5, 2019. The interest on Series G debentures is payable in semi-annual installments on January 5 and on July 5 of each calendar year commencing July 5, 2012 through January 5, 2019 (inclusive). Series G debentures bear an interest rate of 6.74% per annum, without any linkage. In June 2013, following the ratings decrease discussed above, the annual interest rate for our Series G debentures was increased by 0.25% to 6.99%, beginning July 5, 2013. The Series F and G debentures are unsecured and contain, in addition to standard terms and obligations, the following obligations:

a negative pledge, subject to certain exceptions;

a covenant not to distribute more than 95% of the profits available for distribution according to the Companies Law (“Profits”); provided that if our net leverage (defined as the ratio of net debt to EBITDA during a period of 12 consecutive months, excluding one-time events) exceeds 3.5:1, we will not distribute more than 85% of our Profits and if our net leverage exceeds 4.0:1, we will not distribute more than 70% of our Profits. For this purpose, net debt is defined as credit and loans from banks and others and debentures, net of cash and cash equivalents and current investments in tradable securities; and EBITDA is defined as profit before depreciation and amortization, other expenses or income, net, financing expenses or income, net and taxes on income;

a limitation on our ability to voluntarily redeem the debentures prior to their stated maturity date to a minimum amount of NIS 100 million of each series of debentures and an undertaking to pay the holders of such debentures an additional annual interest of 1% in the event of such early redemption;

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a covenant to have the debentures rated by a rating agency (in as much as under our control);

an obligation to pay additional interest of 0.25% for a two-notch downgrade in the debentures' rating and additional interest of 0.25% for each additional one-notch downgrade and up to a maximum addition of 1%, in comparison to the rating given to the debentures prior to their issuance;

a covenant not to issue additional debentures of the relevant series if the additional issuance by itself, will cause a certain rating downgrade.

We also agreed to the addition of the certain events to the list of events of default of the Series F and G debentures, including:

cross default, excluding following an immediate repayment initiated in relation to a liability of NIS 150 million or less;

failure of our main business to be cellular communications or loss of our cellular license for a period of over 60 days;

suspension of trading of the debentures on the TASE over a period of 45 days;

failure to comply with the above covenant regarding limitations on dividend distributions;

failure to have the debentures rated over a period of 60 days;

a petition or court order to withhold all legal proceedings against us or petition for creditors arrangement filed;

the sale of a major part of our assets or merger (with certain exclusions);

failure to publish financial reports when due;

a net leverage in excess of 5.0:1, or in excess of 4.5:1 during four consecutive quarters;

failure to comply with our negative pledge covenant; and

any other event causing or expected to cause a material adverse effect (which shall not include any event that shall or is likely to cause our net leverage to increase to a ratio of under 5.0:1) on our business and posing real threat of a substantial damage to the debenture holders’ rights.

Our Series H and I debentures were issued in July 2014 to the public in Israel under our 2014 shelf prospectus and were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. In February 2015, pursuant to the Exchange Offer, under our 2014 shelf prospectus and in a private offering, we issued approximately NIS 844 million ($220 million) principal amount of Series H debentures and approximately NIS 335 million ($87 million) principal amount of series I debentures in exchange for approximately NIS 555 million ($144 million) principal amount of Series D debentures and approximately NIS 272 million ($71 million) principal amount of Series E debentures, respectively. In March 2016, we issued approximately NIS 246 million ($64 million) aggregate principal amount of additional Series I debentures to certain institutional investors in a private offering. As of December 31, 2016, our Series H and I debentures consisted of approximately NIS 950 million ($247 million) principal amount and NIS 804 million ($209 million) principal amount.

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The Series H debentures principal is payable in seven annual installments: three equal annual installments of 12% of the principal on July 5 of the years 2018 through 2020 (inclusive), and four equal annual installments of 16% of the principal on July 5 of the years 2021 through 2024 (inclusive). The interest on the Series H debentures is payable in semi-annual installments on January 5 and on July 5, of each calendar year commencing January 5, 2015 through July 5, 2024 (inclusive). The Series H debentures bear an interest rate of 1.98% per annum, linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index for May 2014.

The Series I debentures principal is payable in eight annual installments: three equal annual installments of 10% of the principal on July 5 of the years 2018 through 2020 (inclusive), and five equal annual installments of 14% of the principal on July 5 of the years 2021 through 2025 (inclusive). The interest on the Series I debentures is payable in semi-annual installments on January 5 and on July 5 of each calendar year commencing January 5, 2015 through July 5, 2025 (inclusive). The Series I debentures bear an interest rate of 4.14% per annum, without any linkage.

The Series H and I debentures are unsecured and contain, in addition to standard terms and obligations and the above undertakings in our Series F and G indenture which generally apply to our Series H and I debentures as well, the following obligations:

in addition to being an event of default, meeting the financial covenants would be a condition for dividend distribution; and

meeting the financial covenants would also be a condition for the issuance of additional debentures of each of the two new series.

The Series H and I Indenture contains substantially similar events of default to those found in the Series F and G Indenture, with the exception of certain new events of default that do not appear in the Series F and G Indenture as well as certain modifications to the events of default that are found in the Series F and G Indenture, including:

breach of the above limitation on dividend distributions;

the minimum amount required for triggering a cross default shall not apply to a cross default triggered by another series of debentures;

the existence of a real concern that we shall not meet our material undertakings towards the debenture holders;

the inclusion in our financial statements during a period of two consecutive quarters of a note regarding the existence of significant doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern; and

breach of our undertakings regarding the issuance of additional debentures.

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Our Series J and K debentures were issued in September 2016 to the public in Israel under our 2014 shelf prospectus and were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. As of December 31, 2016, our Series J and K debentures consisted of approximately NIS 103 million ($27 million) principal amount and NIS 304 million ($79 million) principal amount.

The Series J debentures principal is payable in six installments, of which the first four installments of 15% of the principal each are payable on July 5 of the years 2021 through 2024, and the remaining two installments of 20% of the principal each are payable on July 5 of the years 2025 and 2026. The interest on the Series J debentures is payable on January 5 and on July 5 of each of the years 2017 through 2026. The Series J debentures bear interest at the rate of 2.45% per annum, linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index for August 2016.

The Series K debentures principal is payable in six installments, of which the first four installments of 15% of the principal each are payable on July 5 of the years 2021 through 2024, and the remaining two installments of 20% of the principal each are payable on July 5 of the years 2025 and 2026. The interest on the Series K debentures is payable on January 5 and on July 5 of each of the years 2017 through 2026. The Series K debentures bear interest at the rate of 3.55% per annum, without linkage.

The Series J and Series K debentures are unsecured and contain standard terms and conditions in addition to certain additional undertakings by us generally similar to the terms of our existing Series G and Series H debentures.

As of December 31, 2016, we complied with the above covenants.

Other credit facilities

In May 2015, we entered into a loan agreement with two Israeli financial institutions, or Lenders, according to which the Lenders have agreed, subject to certain customary conditions, to provide us two deferred loans for the total principal amount of NIS 400 million, without any linkage, as follows:

A principal amount of NIS 200 million was provided to us in June 2016, and will bear an annual fixed interest of 4.6%. The loan's principal amount will be payable in four equal annual payments on June 30 of each of the years 2018 through 2021 (inclusive). The interest will be paid in ten semi-annual installments on June 30 and December 31, of each calendar year commencing December 31, 2016 through and including June 30, 2021.

A principal amount of NIS 200 million will be provided to us in June 2017, and will bear an annual fixed interest of 5.1%. The loan's principal amount will be payable in four equal annual payments on June 30 of each of the years 2019 through 2022 (inclusive). The interest will be paid in ten semi-annual installments on June 30 and December 31, of each calendar year commencing December 31, 2017 through and including June 30, 2022.

Under the agreement, the interest rate may be subject to certain adjustments. Until the provision of the loans, we are required to pay the Lenders a commitment fee. We may cancel or prepay one or both loans, subject to a certain cancelation fee or prepayment fee, as applicable. The agreement includes standard terms and obligations and also generally includes the negative pledge, limitations on distributions, events of default and financial covenants applicable to our series F through I debentures.

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In August 2015, we entered into a loan agreement with an Israeli bank, or Lender, according to which the Lender has agreed, subject to certain customary conditions, to provide us a deferred loan in a principal amount of NIS 140 million, without any linkage, which was provided to us in December 2016, and bears an annual fixed interest of 4.9%. The loan's principal amount will be payable in five equal annual payments on June 30 of each of the years 2018 through 2022 (inclusive).

Under the Agreement, the interest rate may be subject to certain adjustments. We may prepay the loan, subject to a prepayment fee. The agreement also includes certain events which if not approved by the Lender allow the Lender to notify us of an acceleration of the repayment of the loan.

The agreement includes standard terms and obligations and also generally includes the negative pledge, limitations on distributions, financial covenants and event of defaults applicable to our series F through I debentures, with certain modifications, including foreclosure, materialization of a pledge, execution actions, receivership and (subject to certain exclusions) sale of assets, in a specified certain lower amount, a failure to operate in a field which is material to our operations and mergers and changes of formation (with more limited exclusions) will trigger an event of default. In case we provide stricter financial covenants to another financial institution or debenture holder, those will apply to this agreement as well.

As of December 31, 2016, we complied with the above covenants.

In the ordinary course of business, from time to time, we and our subsidiaries, enter into framework agreements with banks for various banking services, such as credit lines and hedging transactions. In March 2015, we entered an extended payment terms agreement with a certain supplier, which includes terms similar to our deferred loans agreements.

Capital expenditure

Our accrual capital expenditure in 2014, 2015 and 2016 amounted to NIS 467 million, NIS 396 million and NIS 382 million, respectively. Accrual capital expenditure is defined as investment in fixed assets and certain intangible assets, such as spectrum licenses, rights of use of communications lines, networks' enhancement and expansion and development of new products and services, during a given period. For the periods under review, a key focus of our capital investment has been the enhancement and expansion of our existing networks and transmission infrastructure and deployment of our LTE network as well of investing in information system hardware and software.

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash flows from operating activities totaled NIS 781 million in 2016, a decrease from NIS 836 million in 2015. The decrease in cash flow is primarily attributed to a decrease in proceeds from customers due to the decrease in service revenues.

Cash flows from operating activities totaled NIS 836 million in 2015, a decrease from NIS 1,557 million in 2014. The decrease in cash flow is primarily attributed to a decrease in proceeds from customers due to the decrease in service revenues.

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Cash flows from investing activities

The net cash flows from operating activities is the main capital resource for our investment activities. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, our net cash used in investing activities amounted to NIS 350 million, NIS 96 million and NIS 364 million, respectively. The payments were used primarily for the improvement and expansion of our networks and information systems infrastructures. The increase in 2016 compared with 2015 resulted mainly from a repayment of a long-term deposit and cashing out part of our current investments in tradable debentures in 2015. The decrease in 2015 compared with 2014 resulted mainly from a decrease in investments in tradable debentures.

Cash flows from financing activities

In 2016, net cash received in financing activities amounted to NIS 62 million compared to NIS 1,136 million in 2015. The net cash we received is primarily attributable to the issuance of new series of debentures and receipt of new loans from financial institutions in a total net amount of NIS 993 million in 2016.

In 2015, net cash used in financing activities amounted to NIS 1,136 million compared to NIS 1,106 million in 2014. The increase is primarily attributable to the issuance of new series of debentures for a net consideration of NIS 326 million in 2014.

Working capital

Our working capital as of December 31, 2016 was NIS 1,069 million, compared with NIS 625 million as of December 31, 2015. The increase in working capital was primarily due to an increase in cash and cash equivalents.

Our working capital as of December 31, 2015 was NIS 625 million, compared with NIS 837 million as of December 31, 2014. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to a decrease in trade receivables.

Trade receivables

Trade receivables consist of outstanding amounts due from customers, mainly for cellular, ISP and landline telephony services and handsets and accessories, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. Most of our handset sales are made on an installment basis (generally, 36 monthly payments). Installments due in the twelve months following the balance sheet date are included in current trade receivables; the remaining installments are included in long-term receivables. As of December 31, 2016, net current trade receivables amounted to NIS 1,325 million compared with NIS 1,254 million as at December 31, 2015 and NIS 1,417 million as at December 31, 2014. Net long-term trade receivables as of December 31, 2016 amounted to NIS 461 million compared with NIS 467 million as at December 31, 2015 and NIS 476 million as at December 31, 2014. The increase in trade receivables (current and long-term) in 2016 compared with 2015 was mainly due to an increase of national roaming and operating operators, and the decrease in 2015 compared with 2014 was mainly due to the decrease in revenues as a result of the intensified competition in the cellular market. The current maturity of long-term receivables as of December 31, 2016 was NIS 566 million, compared with NIS 563 million as of December 31, 2015 and NIS 606 million as of December 31, 2014.

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C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.

Not applicable.

D. TREND INFORMATION

Trend information is included throughout the other sections of this Item 5.

E. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

There are no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources, except future commitments and agreements that are detailed in this report.

F. TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Set forth below is a description of our contractual cash obligations, in millions of NIS, as of December 31, 2016.

	Total		2017		2018- 2019		2020-2021		2022 and Beyond
Long-term debt obligations (including interest)(1)		4,839		1,030		1,415		1,013		1,382
Operating lease obligations		947		274		364		206		103
Purchase obligations		730		308		422		1		-
Total		6,517		1,612		2,201		1,219		1,485

(1)

Interest does not include any increase in interest that would be required based on increases in the Israeli CPI.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates upon past experience, where applicable, various factors, external sources and on other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and could have a material impact on our reported results.

In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction, event or activity is specifically dictated by accounting principles and does not require management’s judgment in its application, while in other cases, management’s judgment is required in the selection of the most appropriate alternative among the available accounting principles, that allow different accounting treatment for similar transactions.

We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to our financial results and to the understanding of our past and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s estimates and assumptions. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires us to make assumptions because information was not available at the time or it included matters that were highly uncertain at the time we were making our estimate and (2) changes in the estimate or different estimates that we could have selected may have had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

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Long-lived assets – depreciation

Nature of critical estimate items

The communications industry is capital intensive. The depreciation of operating assets constitutes a significant operating cost for us. We have substantial investments in tangible long-lived assets, primarily our communications networks.

Assumptions / approach used

We depreciate our property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method. Separate individual significant components are depreciated over their individual estimated useful lives. We periodically review changes in our technology and industry conditions to determine adjustments to estimated remaining useful lives and depreciation rates.

Effect if different assumptions used

Changes in technology or changes in our intended use of these assets can cause the estimated period of use or the value of these assets to change. Actual economic lives may differ from estimated useful lives. Periodic reviews could result in a change in our assets’ depreciable lives, and therefore, in our depreciation expense in future periods.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Nature of critical estimate items

Finite-lived long-lived assets

At each reporting date, we review finite-lived long-lived assets, principally consisting of property, plant and equipment, spectrum licenses and intangible assets for impairment based on the requirements of International Accounting Standard No. 36, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable through the present value of anticipated cash flows from the continued use of the asset, including those expected at the time of its future retirement and disposal. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, we group together all of the assets that cannot be tested individually into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (the “cash-generating unit”), and estimate the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The recoverable amount is the higher of value in use and fair value less cost to sell. Value in use is determined by discounting the expected future cash flows, we expect to derive from the asset, using a pre-tax discount rate. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or cash-generating unit exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets

Once a year and for the same date, or more frequently if there are indications of impairment, we estimate the recoverable amount of each cash-generating unit that contains goodwill. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are aggregated so that the level at which impairment testing is performed reflects the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal reporting purposes. We monitor goodwill at operating segments level. As regards cash-generating units that include goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit, after adjustment for goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount.

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Assumptions / approach used

In analyzing finite-lived long-lived assets and Indefinite-lived intangible assets for potential impairment, significant assumptions that are used in determining the discounted cash flows of the asset group include:

cash flows attributed to the asset group;

future cash flows for the asset group, including estimates of residual values, which incorporate our views of growth rates for the related business and anticipated future economic conditions; and

period of time over which the assets will be held and used.

Effect if different assumptions used

The use of different estimates and assumptions within our discounted cash flow models (e.g., terminal value growth rates, pre-tax discount rate, future economic conditions, estimates of residual values) could result in discounted cash flows that are lower than the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby requiring the need to reduce the carrying value to the discounted cash flow amount.

The use of different discount rates when determining the fair value of the asset group could result in different fair values, and impact any related impairment charges.

Accounts receivable - bad debt and allowance for doubtful accounts

Nature of critical estimate items

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect estimated losses resulting from impairment of accounts receivables.

Assumptions / approach used

We regularly evaluate the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts by taking into account variables such as past experience, age of the receivable balance and current economic conditions of the party owing the receivable balance. If the financial conditions of certain customers were to deteriorate, resulting in impairment in their ability to make payments, additional allowance for doubtful accounts may be required.

Effect if different assumptions used

We believe that our allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate to cover estimated losses in customer accounts receivable balances under current conditions. However, changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts may be necessary in the event that the financial condition of our customers improves or deteriorates.

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Provisions for contingent liabilities

Provisions in general are highly judgmental, especially in cases of legal disputes. We assess the probability of an adverse event as a result of a past event and if the probability is evaluated to be more likely than not and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably, we fully provide for the total amount of the estimated contingent liability. We continually evaluate our pending provisions to determine if additional accruals are required. It is often difficult to accurately estimate the ultimate outcome of a contingent liability. Different variables can affect the timing and amount we provide for certain contingent liabilities. Our provisions are therefore subject to estimates made by us having taken into consideration the opinion of our legal counsel, which are subject to changes as the status of legal and commercial disputes changes over time. Adverse revision in our estimates of the potential liability could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Uncertain tax positions

When assessing amounts of current and deferred taxes, we take into consideration the effect of the uncertainty that our tax positions will be accepted and the effect of incurring any additional tax and interest expenses. We are of the opinion that the cumulative tax liability is fair for all the years in respect of which final tax assessments have not yet been received, based on an analysis of a number of matters including interpretations of tax laws and the our past experience. This assessment is based on estimates and assumptions that may also include assessments and exercising judgment regarding future events. It is possible that new information will become known in future periods that will require us to change our estimate regarding the tax liability that was recognized, and any such changes will be expensed immediately in that period.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

IFRS 9 (2014), Financial Instruments ("final version of IFRS 9")

IFRS 9 (2014) is a final version of the standard, which includes revised guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments, and a new model for measuring impairment of financial assets. This guidance has been added to the chapter dealing with general hedge accounting requirements issued in 2013.

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Classification and measurement of financial assets

In accordance with the final version of IFRS 9, there are three principal categories for measuring financial assets: amortized cost, fair value through profit and loss and fair value through other comprehensive income. The basis of classification for debt instruments is the entity’s business model for managing financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Investments in equity instruments will be measured at fair value through profit and loss (unless the entity elected at initial recognition to present fair value changes in other comprehensive income).

We have adopted in an early adoption from 2012 the classification and measurement rules of IFRS 9 (2009), with respect of financial assets, which are described below, without adopting in an early adoption all of the other rules of the final version of IFRS 9:

Classification and measurement of financial liabilities

The changes in fair value of financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss that are attributable to changes in its credit risk, should usually be recognized in other comprehensive income.

Hedge accounting - general

In accordance with the Final Version of IFRS 9, additional hedging strategies that are used for risk management will qualify for hedge accounting. The final version of IFRS 9 replaces the present 80%-125% test for determining hedge effectiveness, with the requirement that there be an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, with no quantitative threshold. In addition, the final version of IFRS 9 introduces new models that are alternatives to hedge accounting as regards credit exposures and certain contracts outside the scope of the final version of IFRS 9 and sets new principles for accounting for hedging instruments. In addition, the final version of IFRS 9 provides new disclosure requirements.

Impairment of financial assets

The final version of IFRS 9 presents a new ‘expected credit loss’ model for calculating impairment. For most financial assets, the new model presents a dual measurement approach for impairment: if the credit risk of a financial asset has not increased significantly since its initial recognition, an impairment provision will be recorded in the amount of the expected credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the twelve months after the reporting date. If the credit risk has increased significantly, in most cases the impairment provision will increase and be recorded at the level of lifetime expected credit losses of the financial asset.

The final version of IFRS 9 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 with early adoption being permitted. It will be applied retrospectively with some exemptions.

We are examining the effects of the standard on the financial statements and planning to adopt the standard from January 1, 2018 without amending the comparative data but while adjusting balances of retained earnings and other components of equity as at January 1, 2018 (the initial date of application).

IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 replaces the current guidance regarding recognition of revenues from contracts with customers and presents a new model for revenue recognition from aforesaid contracts. IFRS 15 provides two approaches for recognizing revenue: at a point in time or over time. The model includes five steps for analyzing transactions so as to determine when to recognize revenue and at what amount. Furthermore, IFRS 15 extends the disclosure requirements that exist under current guidance.

IFRS 15 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 and earlier application is permitted. IFRS 15 includes various alternative transitional provisions, so that companies can choose between one of the following alternatives at initial application: full retrospective application, full retrospective application with practical expedients, or application as from the mandatory effective date, with an adjustment to the balance of retained earnings at that date in respect of transactions that are not yet complete.

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We examined the implications of the standard and intend to apply early adoption of IFRS 15 as from January 1, 2017 using the cumulative catch-up method, and adjusting the balance of retained earnings as at January 1, 2017.

In addition, we are considering applying the following principals at the transition date:

Applying the cumulative catch-up method only for contracts not yet completed at the transition date; and

Examining the aggregate effect of contract modifications that occurred before the date of initial application, instead of examining each modification on a separate basis.

The main impact of the standard application on our future financial statements is that customer acquisition costs will be capitalized when it is expected that we will recover these costs, instead of recognizing these costs in profit or loss as incurred, as was done to this day. Accordingly, incentives and commissions paid to our employees and resellers for securing contracts with customers, will be recognized as an asset and will be amortized to profit or loss in accordance with the expected revenue recognition from these contracts.

We intend to apply the practical exemption specified in the standard and to recognize customer acquisition costs in profit or lost when the expected amortization period of these costs is one year or less. Such customer acquisition costs capitalization is expected to have a material positive effect on our results of operations in the coming years, which will be leveled off in later years.

There is no material impact to such a change, in respect of contracts which have not been concluded to the date of transition, on the retained earnings at the initial date of application.

IFRS 16, Leases

The standard replaces International Accounting Standard 17 - Leases (IAS 17) and its related interpretations. The standard's instructions annul the existing requirement from lessees to classify leases as operating or finance leases. Instead of this, for lessees, the new standard presents a unified model for the accounting treatment of all leases according to which the lessee has to recognize an asset and liability in respect of the lease in its financial statements. Similarly, the standard determines new and expanded disclosure requirements from those required at present.

The standard will become effective for annual periods as of January 1, 2019, with the possibility of early adoption, so long as the company has also early adopted IFRS 15 - Revenue from contracts with customers. The standard includes a number of alternatives for the implementation of transitional provisions, so that companies can choose one of the following alternatives at the implementation date: full retrospective implementation or implementation from the effective date while adjusting the balance of retained earnings at that date.

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We have not yet commenced examining the effects of adopting the standard on the financial statements.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors, executive officers and other key employees as of December 31, 2016:

Name	Age	Position
Ami Erel (2), (3)	70	Chairman of the Board
Shlomo Waxe (1), (2), (4)	71	Independent Director
Ari Bronshtein (2), (4) *	47	Director
Ephraim Kunda (1), (2), (4), (5)	64	Independent Director
Joseph Barnea (1), (2), (3), (4), (5)	81	Independent / External Director
Ronit Baytel (1), (5)	49	Independent / External Director
Nir Sztern	46	President and Chief Executive Officer
Shlomi Fruhling	44	Chief Financial Officer
Yoni Sabag	44	Vice President of Marketing
Ron Shvili	49	Chief Technology Officer
Keren Shtevy	44	Vice President of Business Customers
Sharon Amit	50	Vice President of Human Resources
Amos Maor	53	Vice President of Sales and Service
Liat Menahemi Stadler	50	Vice President of Legal Affairs and Corporate Secretary
Teimuraz Romashvili	38	Vice President of Pre Paid Activity
Yaniv Gruenwald	42	Vice President of Television and Content
Ronnen Shles	49	Controller

(1)

Member of our Audit Committee.

(2)

Member of our Analysis Committee.

(3)

Member of our Option Committee.

(4)

Member of our Security Committee.

(5)

Member of our compensation Committee.

Mr. Bronshtein resigned from office in January 2017 and was replaced by Mr. Mauricio Wior, who was appointed by our Board of Directors as a member of our Board of Directors and Vice Chairman of the Board.

Ami Erel has served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since 2005. Mr. Erel also provides consulting services to Discount Investment Corporation Ltd. (where he served as President and Chief Executive Officer from 2001 to 2013) since July 2014. Until 2011, Mr. Erel served a period as Chief Executive Officer and a period as Chairman of the board of directors. From 1997 to 1999, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Bezeq – The Israeli Telecommunications Corporation Ltd. From 2011 to 2016, Mr. Erel also served as Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd. (where he served from 2006 as a director and later as Chairman of the Board of Directors). Mr. Erel also serves as a director of Shufersal Ltd., Elron Electronic Industries Ltd. (where he served from 1999 to 2001 as President and until January 2007 as Chairman of the Board of Directors), Knafaim Holdings Ltd. and Dan hotels Ltd. Mr. Erel served as the chairman of the executive committee of the Manufacturers Association of Israel from 2005 to 2009 and from 2009 to 2011 he served as the chairman of the Israel Export & International Cooperation Institute. Mr. Erel holds a B.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.

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Mauricio Wior has served as our Vice Chairman of our Board of Directors since January 2017. Mr. Wior has served as Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of Shufersal Ltd. and of Israir Aviation and Tourism Ltd. since 2016, a member of the board of directors of IRSA Inversiones y Representaciones Sociedad Anónima, IDB's controlling shareholder, since 2006, a member of the board of directors of Banco Hipotecario in Argentina, a substitute director in DIC, the Company's controlling shareholder, since 2014 and a member of the board of directors of additional private companies in Argentina. From 1990 to 2005, Mr. Wior served as the Chairman and CEO of cellular operators in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, and as a senior executive of BellSouth Telecommunications, LLC. Mr. Wior holds a B.A in finance and accounting and an M.B.A. in Business Management, both from Tel Aviv University.

Shlomo Waxe has served as a member of our Board of Directors since 2006. Mr. Waxe has served as Director General of the Israel Association of Electronics and Software Industries from 2006 to 2016. From 2002 to 2005, he worked in the field of communications management and consultancy. From 1999 to 2001, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Zeevi Communications Ltd. From 1997 to 1999, he served as a consultant to cellular communications projects in Sao Paulo, Brazil and in Northeast Brazil. From 1993 to 1997, he served as the Director General of Israel’s Ministry of Communications. From 1990 to 1993, he served as commanding officer of the signal, electronics and computer corps of the Israel Defense Forces and he is a retired brigadier general. Mr. Waxe also serves as a member of the boards of directors of C. Mer Industries Ltd. and until 2009, served as a board member of Shrem, Fudim – Technologies Ltd. and until May 2012, served as a board member of Tambour Ltd. Mr. Waxe holds a B.A. in political science from the University of Haifa.

Ari Bronshtein served as a member of our Board of Directors since 2008 until January 2017. Mr. Bronshtein has served as Vice-President of DIC since January 2006. Since July 2010, he also has served as a Chief Executive Officer, and from May 2009 to June 2010 he served as co-Chief Executive Officer of Elron Electronic Industries Ltd. Mr. Bronstein also serves as a member of the boards of directors of various private companies. From 2004 to 2005, he served as Vice President and head of the Economics and Business Development division, and from 2000 to 2003, as Director of Finance and Investments, at Bezeq – The Israeli Telecommunications Corporation Ltd. Mr. Bronshtein holds a B.A. in finance and management and M.Sc. degree in finance and accounting, both from Tel Aviv University.

Ephraim Kunda has served as a member of our Board of Directors since 2010. Mr. Kunda is an Israeli businessman and is the owner and managing director of a private consulting company that provides economic consultancy and business mediation services. From 2007 to 2010, Mr. Kunda has served as the Chairman of the board of directors and since 2010 as a member of the board of directors of Ravad Ltd., a public real estate investment company. From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Kunda served as an external director of Property and Building Corporation Ltd., a public real estate company that is a member of the IDB group. Mr. Kunda holds a B.A. in Economics from Tel Aviv University.

Joseph Barnea has served as a member of our Board of Directors since 2007. Mr. Barnea is a retired businessman. From 2012 to 2015, Mr. Barnea served as an external director of Imagesat International Ltd. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of Oxygen & Argon Works Ltd. from 1987 to 2005 and continued to serve as a member of its management until 2006. From 1985 to 1987, he served as the Chief Executive Officer of Telkoor Ltd. From 1980 to 1985, he served as a Vice President of Elscint Medical Imaging Ltd. Mr. Barnea is a member of the executive committee of the Israeli Industrialists Association and until 2007 he served as the Chairman of its Chemistry and Environment Association. From 2004 to 2009 Mr. Barnea served as a member of the board of the Israeli Export & International Cooperation Institute, from 2005 to 2014 he served as a member of the standard committee of the Israeli Standards Institute and prior to that, as a member of its board. From 2002 to 2004 he served first as President and then as Chairman of the International Oxygen Manufacturers Association (IOMA) USA. He served as Deputy Commander of the signal, electronics and computer corps of the Israeli Defense Forces. Mr. Barnea holds a B.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology and an M.Sc. in electrical engineering from Columbia University, New York, USA.

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Ronit Baytel has served as a member of our Board of Directors since 2007. From 2005 to 2016, Ms. Baytel served as a director in the finance department of Ormat Technologies, Inc., a company listed on the NYSE, in charge of SOX internal controls in the preparation of financial statements and tax and special projects. From 1998 to 2005 she served as senior manager at Kesselman & Kesselman, a certified public accountants firm in Israel, which is a member of the international PriceWaterhouseCoopers Accountants firm. Ms. Baytel is a certified public accountant and holds a B.A. in economics and accountancy from Tel Aviv University and an M.B.A. from the Hebrew University.

Nir Sztern has served as our Chief Executive Officer since 2012. Mr. Sztern served as the chief executive officer of Netvision, from 2010 to 2011. From 2008 to 2010 he served as deputy CEO of Pelephone, and from 2002 to 2008 as Pelephone's vice president of marketing. From 2001 to 2002 he served as vice president of marketing and sales of Barak 013 Ltd. or Barak, a long distance operator (which was later merged into Netvision) and from 1999-2001 as head of Barak's marketing department. From 1994 to 1999 Mr. Sztern served as head of our private sector marketing department. Mr. Sztern holds a B.A. in economics and management from the Tel Aviv University and an M.B.A. in business administration, from the Israeli branch of Manchester University.

Shlomi Fruhling has served as our Chief Financial Officer since September 2013. Mr. Fruhling has served as a vice president of DIC from 2012. From 2008 to 2011 he served as VP Strategy and Finance of 013 Netvision Ltd. From 2005 to 2008 Mr. Fruhling has served as head economist of DIC. Mr. Fruhling holds a B.A. in economics and business administration from the Tel-Aviv Management College.

Yoni Sabag has served as our Vice President of Marketing since 2011. Mr. Sabag has served as head of our private sector marketing department, in charge of the private and small business sectors from 2006 to March 2011. From 2003 to 2006, he served as a director of marketing for the private sector. Mr. Sabag has been a member of our marketing department since 2000.

Ron Shvili has served as our Chief Technologies Officer since November 2013. Mr. Shvili has been an Entrepreneur in the field of cyber security since the beginning of 2013, when he retired from the Israeli Defense Forces, or IDF. From 1990 to 2012 Mr. Shvili held various key managerial and technological positions in the IDF and the Israeli Ministry of Defense. Mr. Shvili holds B.Sc and M.Sc in Electrical engineering from Tel-Aviv University.

Keren Shtevy has served as our Vice President of Business Customers since 2012. Ms. Shtevy served as Netvision's vice president of private customers from 2004 to 2011 and from 2011 as general vice president. From 1998 to 2004 she served at various positions in Netvision, from 1999 in various management positions, in charge of sales and customer service for private customers. Ms. Shtevy holds a B.A. in economics and communications from the University of Haifa.

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Sharon Amit has served as our Vice President of Human Resources since 2011. Ms. Amit has served as Netvision's VP of Human Recourses from 2009 to November 2011. She served as VP of Human Recourses of Tikshoov Call Center from 2006 to 2009, of Bynat Computer Communications from 2002 to 2006 and of ADC Israel from 1996 to 2002. Ms. Amit holds a B.A. in English literature and East Asia science, from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and an M.A. in labor studies from the Tel Aviv University.

Amos Maor has served as our Vice President of Sales and Service as of 2012. Mr. Maor has served as our Vice President of Operations and Supply Chain from 2004 to January 2011. From 2002 to 2004, Mr. Maor served as manager of Supply Chain of Elite Industries Ltd., and from 2000 to 2002, he served as manager of Elite’s sales division headquarters. Mr. Maor holds a B.Sc. in industry and management engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.

Liat Menahemi Stadler has served as our Vice President of Legal Affairs and Corporate Secretary since 2006. From 2000 to 2006, Ms. Menahemi Stadler served as head of the technology and general purchasing division of our legal department. She has been a member of our legal department since 1998. Ms. Menahemi Stadler holds an LL.B. and a B.A. in English and French language and literature, both from the University of Haifa and is a member of both the Israeli and the New York bar associations.

Teimuraz Romashvili has served as our Vice President of Pre Paid Activity since 2011. Mr. Romashvili reports to the Company's VP Sales and Service. Mr. Romashvili has served as Netvision's head of pre-paid and international activity from 2007 to October 2011. From 2005 to 2007 he served as head of pre-paid activity in Barak and prior to that served in a variety of positions in Barak. Mr. Romashvili holds a B.A. in economics and management from the Economics Academy in Kiev, Ukraine.

Yaniv Gruenwald has served as our Vice President of television and content since August 2014. Mr. Gruenwald has served as Vice President of television and content of Netvision since 2012 and as Chief Technology Officer of Netvision from 2010 to 2011. From 2008 to 2010, he served as a Chief Technology Officer of wire-line & broadband division of Partner Communications Ltd., and from 2005 to 2008 he served as Partner's director of product development. Mr. Gruenwald Holds a B.A. in business administration from the Peres Academic Center and an Executive MBA from Tel-Aviv University.

Ronnen Shles has served as our Controller from January 2015. From 2007 to 2014, Mr. Shles served as head of the accounting unit in our financial control division. Mr. Shles is a certified public accountant and holds a B.A. in accounting and business administration from the College of Management.

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B. COMPENSATION

Compensation Policy

Our compensation policy, described below, was approved by our compensation committee and board of directors and subsequently approved by our shareholders in January 2017 and shall be in effect for a period of three years therefrom.

Preamble

The Company’s compensation policy is designed to align executive officer compensation with the Company’s performance and to reflect best practices in executive officer compensation. The Company has created a pay-for-performance policy that is designed to align executive officer and shareholder interests by reinforcing the long-term growth, value creation and sustainability of the Company. The structure is designed to encourage a high degree of execution and rewards individuals for the achievement of objectives that ultimately create shareholder value. The structure is further designed to prevent executive officers from taking unnecessary risks in order to enlarge their compensation. The objective of the compensation policy is to attract, motivate and retain a talented management team that will continue providing unique solutions in a highly competitive and rapidly changing marketplace and deliver long-term value for all shareholders.

The Company's executive officer compensation policy refers to three main elements of compensation that include base salary, cash bonus compensation and equity-based compensation. The compensation package for each of our executive officers will include these three components.

The Compensation Committee and Board of Directors approve, periodically review and oversee the application of the Company's executive officer compensation programs.

Our Board of Directors monitors our executive officers' compensation structure annually in order to ensure that target total compensation for our executive officers is appropriate, considering our peer companies, overall company performance, individual executive officer's scope and size of responsibilities and performance during the previous year.

The policy will apply to any compensation determined after approval by the Company's shareholders and will not, and is not intended to, apply to or deemed to amend employment and compensation terms of executive officers existing prior to the adoption of this compensation policy by the Company.

The compensation policy does not grant any rights to the Company’s directors and executive officers, and the adoption of the compensation policy does not grant any of the Company’s Directors and executive officers a right to receive any elements of compensation set forth in the compensation policy. The elements of compensation to which a director or executive officer will be entitled, will be exclusively those that are determined specifically in relation to him or her in accordance with the requirements of the Israeli Companies Law, 1999, or the Companies Law, and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

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Executive Officer Pay for Performance

The Company’s compensation philosophy is to encourage our executive officers to make sound decisions and drive long-term value creation for our shareholders. For our executive officers, we believe that in order to increase shareholder value, our compensation structure must:

•

Have a substantial portion of pay “at risk” (i.e., pay that is not guaranteed); and

•

Link “at risk” pay to performance objectives that are directly aligned to the Company’s short and long-term performance objectives as well as strategic initiatives.

Effectively aligning the objectives of executive officer compensation with the interests of shareholders requires adopting compensation programs that motivate leadership to drive company performance to achieve sustainable top performance. To that end, our Board of Directors, at the recommendation of our Compensation committee, will establish cash and equity-based compensation plans with targets focused on rewarding individuals for strong company performance. In addition, because we believe that individuals should be rewarded based on the results of their contributions, we also consider individual performance in awarding incentive compensation.

Compensation Philosophy and Strategy

Our Board, at the recommendation of our Compensation Committee, has defined the following key objectives of our compensation programs for executive officers:

•

Drive the Company’s overall business strategy and results as they relate to long-term value creation;

•

Pay for performance by linking total compensation to defined performance objectives, both at the Company level and for each executive officer individually;

•

Attract and retain key executive officers by providing competitive total compensation opportunities, considering the Company's size, nature of operations and marketplace, while avoiding unnecessary risk taking by executive officers; and

•

Align executive officer and investor interests by focusing executive officer behavior on driving long-term value creation.

Compensation Risk Assessment

In designing our compensation policy, we reviewed our compensation policies and practices in order to determine whether they create risks that are likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company. We concluded that our compensation programs do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company. Among the elements evaluated were the following:

•

The multiple elements of our compensation packages for executive officers, including base salary, annual cash incentive and equity-based compensation program which vest over a number of years and provide a balance of short-term and long-term compensations with fixed and variable components that promote the long-term sustainability of our business;

•

Equity-based compensation for our executive officers aligns the interests of the executive officers with those of our shareholders;

•

Independent oversight by the Compensation Committee;

•

Inclusion of claw-back provisions in the event of a material restatement of our financial statements for our financial performance based compensations;

•

Effective management processes for developing strategic and annual work plans, and strong internal controls over financial reporting;

•

The structure of our cash bonus and equity-based compensation, which is based on a number of different performance measures to avoid employees placing undue emphasis on any particular performance measure at the expense of other aspects of the business; and

•

The cap on our executive officers' cash bonus and equity-based compensation, commensurable to objectives which do not motivate increased risk taking.

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Compensation Principles

Peer Group Analysis. We use benchmarking as one of the tools for setting and reviewing our compensation system. To attract and retain our key executive officers, our goal is to provide compensation opportunities at competitive market terms. The Company’s peer group is made up of a minimum of 10 companies, including telecommunications companies and companies operating in other markets whose turnover are similar to the Company's, as recommended by the Company's independent compensation consultant. When using the benchmarking, our intent is to create a compensation structure that generally targets the median of our selected peer companies, but also allows total compensation to exceed the median when warranted due to company performance and/or individual experience, responsibilities and exceptional performance.

Additional Considerations. When deciding on or periodically reviewing each executive officer's total compensation, our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors consider the following: (1) each executive officer's individual attributes, including his/her education, skills, expertise, professional experience and achievements, the executive's role, his/her areas of responsibility and previous compensation arrangements (when applicable); (2) the ratio between our executive officer total target compensation and the total compensation of the rest of the company's employees and the Subcontractors' Employees engaged by the Company (as such term is defined under the Companies Law), and specifically the ratio to the average total compensation and the median total compensation of such employees, and the influence of those gaps on the working relations in the Company, taking into consideration the Company's size, nature of operations, employees composition, marketplace and comparative data. Our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors considered these ratios in the Company and determined that they do not adversely influence the working relations in the Company.

Caps and limitations. Our compensation policy sets the target total compensation comprising of the base salary, a 100% performance score for the cash bonus award and maximum equity-based compensation for our executive officers, as detailed hereunder. Our Compensation Committee and Board decide on each executive officer's total actual compensation which is limited by the target compensation, based on performance metrics as detailed hereunder. Our Board will not reduce the compensation package approved or any of its components, and will not place additional limitations, not detailed in this compensation policy, other than in unusual circumstances according to our Compensation Committee's and Board of Directors' discretion.

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Compensation Recovery ("Claw back"). If our financial statements are materially restated within 4 years from publication thereof (other than restatement required due to changes in financial reporting standards), then the executive officers will repay prior payouts, in an amount of the excess over what the executive officer would have received according to the restated financial statements.

Change in Compensation at CEO Discretion. A change in the compensation package of an executive officer who reports to the CEO, which results in an increase of such executive officer's total compensation package by no more than 2.5%, may be approved by the CEO alone, provided all elements of compensation of such executive officer will continue to meet the requirements of the compensation policy.

Overview of Executive officer Compensation –the Elements of Pay

Elements of Executive officer Compensation. In line with the philosophy described above, the following elements compose the compensation of our executive officers:

Base salary;

A cash bonus award;

Equity-based compensation awards; and

Termination arrangements

Compensation Mix. Base salary and cash bonus and equity-based compensation awards make up the main elements of our executive officers’ total compensation package. The Company strives to ensure that a substantial portion of each executive officer’s total compensation is comprised of “at-risk” pay, with the targeted weight of each element out of the total compensation package of an executive officer being as follows:

base salary – 30%-50% for our CEO and 40%-60% for other executive officers;

cash bonus – 25%-45% for our CEO and 20%-40% for other executive officers; and

equity-based compensation* – 15%-45% for our CEO and 10%-40% for other executive officers.

*calculated per year, based on fair value at date of grant, with the value of the options amortized as compensation over the vesting period.

The ranges stated above represent the targeted compensation mix desired by the Company; however, the actual ratio between fixed and variable elements may vary based on performance. For example, in a year with no or limited bonus, the percentage of base salary out of total compensation may be higher than stated above.

Our cash bonus and equity-based compensation awards are considered “at-risk” pay because they are not guaranteed and the recipients of the cash bonus awards must achieve specific performance objectives at corporate and individual levels to receive any payment.

Base Salary. The base salary varies between executive officers, and is individually determined according to past performance, educational background, prior business experience, qualifications, role and the business responsibilities of the executive officer. Since a competitive base salary is essential to our ability to attract and retain highly skilled professionals, we will seek to establish a base salary that is competitive with the base salaries paid to executive officers of a peer group of companies.

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Accordingly, base salary shall generally target the 25%-75% percentiles of each executive officer's peer group salary, taking into consideration the aforementioned individual characteristics, as shall be reflected in a peer group analysis conducted by an independent consultant and reviewed by our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors, when such salary is set and/or updated*.

The base salary may be linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index, or CPI.

Benefits and Perquisites. The following benefits and perquisites may be granted to the executive officers in order, among other things, to comply with legal requirements:

Vacation of up to 30 days per annum;

Sick days of up to 30 days per annum;

Convalescence pay equivalent to up to 10 days per annum;

Monthly remuneration for an education fund, as allowed by applicable law;

Contribution on behalf of the executive officer to a manager's insurance policy or a pension fund, as allowed by applicable law; and

Contribution on behalf of the executive officer towards work disability insurance, as allowed by applicable law.

We may offer additional benefits and perquisites to the executive officers, which will be comparable to customary market practices, such as: company cellular phone and the costs of the use thereof; company car benefits; gifts for holidays and personal occasions (such as nuptials or birth of a child or grandchild), or for special projects; medical insurance, annual medical examination, professional associations membership fees etc.; provided however, that such additional benefits and perquisites shall be determined in accordance with our policies and procedures and with reference to the practice in peer group companies. The value of such additional benefits shall not exceed 30% of the executive officer's base salary.

Cash bonus*. The Compensation Committee sets the cash bonus performance objectives and target bonus for each executive officer, at the start of each year, which are then reviewed and approved by the Board. For our CEO, these objectives are based on the Company's annual work plan and objectives. For our other executive officers, these objectives are based on the Company’s annual work plan and objectives at the corporate level and key strategic objectives each executive officer is expected to achieve during that year at the individual level, based on each executive officer's position and scope of responsibilities.

The cash bonus payout is determined based on actual performance of the Company and the executive officer in question (after elimination of material one time and reevaluation influences), in each of the performance objectives set for each executive officer, measured on a performance matrix. For 2016 we eliminated the influences of our mediation agreement with Golan. The results for each group of objectives (as detailed hereunder) are then combined into one performance score, based on the weight each performance objective was given.

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Corporate performance objectives may include EBITDA**, net income, free cash flow**, Net Promoter Score, or NPS (indicating our subscribers' satisfaction with our services) and other Company performance objectives which the Company decides to focus on in a specific year. Corporate performance objectives weigh between 30% to 50% of the overall performance score of each executive officer and 80% for our CEO. In extreme cases, such as major changes in our market leading to annual work plan or budget adjustments, our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors may update the objectives to match such changes, during the first half of the relevant year.

Quantitative individual performance objectives may include specific NPS, the budget for the unit relevant to the executive officer, revenues from sales by the unit, recruiting subscribers by the unit and quality of network. These objectives weigh between 30% and 50% of the overall performance score of each executive officer.

Qualitative individual performance objectives may include corporate governance, risk management, leadership, response to major business changes, executing special projects, as per the CEO's evaluation of each executive officer and as per the evaluation of the CEO by the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors. This component will weigh up to 20% of the overall performance score of each executive officer (including the CEO).

* Generally does not apply to our current CEO because his agreement precedes the adoption of the compensation policy.

** EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are non-IFRS measures. For a definition of EBITDA see footnote (5) under "Item 5. Operating and financial review and prospects – Results of operations – Comparison of 2014, 2015 and 2016". Free Cash Flow is defined as (a) the net cash provided by operating activities minus (b) the net cash used in investing activities, excluding (i) short-term investments in tradable debentures and deposits and (ii) proceeds from sales of such debentures (including interest received in relation to such debentures) and deposits.

Any payout of cash bonuses for any year will be subject to an additional minimum requirement of achieving an annual EBITDA of not less than 60% of the Company's EBITDA for the previous year. We have met this threshold. Such minimum requirements are in no way indicative of the Company's expectations or estimations for any fiscal year, and are provided in order to assure shareholders that no cash bonuses will be paid to office holders according to the Compensation Policy in years when the Company’s performance has deteriorated materially compared to the prior year.

Our Compensation policy sets a minimal threshold score of 75% of the combined target performance and a target bonus of 10 monthly salaries for our CEO and 5-7 monthly salaries for our other executive officers ("Target Bonus") for the target performance objectives, in line with each executive officer's capability to influence the Company's results of operations. Performance below the minimum threshold results in no payout. Performance score under the combined performance target and above the threshold results in a linear reduction in which a 5% reduction of the combined performance score represents a reduction of 10% of the Target Bonus (i.e. down to 50% of the Target Bonus for a performance score of 75% of the combined performance target). Performance score above the combined target performance rewards the executive officer with a linear addition to the Target Bonus in which a 5% addition of the combined performance score represents an addition of 10% to the Target Bonus and up to a maximum of 150% of the Target Bonus.

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Following is a graphic representation of the cash bonus our executive officers may be entitled to:

Notwithstanding the aforesaid, for our executive officers, except the CEO, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors will have full discretion to determine the final cash bonus payout based, among other things, on the cash bonus performance score and/or additional considerations relevant to the performance and objectives of the Company and the relevant executive officer, including qualitative criteria.

Subject to the conditions and limitations set above, an executive officer who ceases to perform his/her role as an executive officer but has provided services to the company for at least 6 months of the relevant year, will be entitled to receive a cash bonus for that year, relative to the period in which he/she performed their duties during the relevant year. An executive officer who provides services to the Company for less than 6 months during the relevant year of cessation, will not be entitled to a cash bonus for that year. An executive officer who joins the Company during the relevant year, will be entitled to a portion of the bonus, relative to the period in which he/she performed their duties during the relevant year and provided such period is at least 6 months long.

The aggregate maximum payout of all of the executive officers' cash bonuses per annum shall not exceed 2% of the EBITDA for that calendar year (after elimination of material one time and reevaluation influences). In case of a positive EBITDA but negative net profit in a particular year, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors of the Company shall examine the circumstances leading to a negative net profit and shall consider reducing or cancelling the cash bonus for that year.

Equity-based compensation Plan. Under the Company's 2015 Share Incentive Plan or under any equity-based compensation plan adopted by the Company in the future, the Compensation Committee and Board may resolve to grant, from time to time, options or restricted share units ("RSUs"), or other instruments of equity-based compensation, to our executive officers.

The decision on equity-based compensation grant shall take into consideration each executive officer's position, scope of responsibilities, as well as its past performance and contribution to the Company.

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In order to align executive officer and investor interests for creation of long term value, equity-based awards will include the following terms:

Awards will vest linearly over a minimum period of three years beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. The terms of such equity-based awards may include provision for acceleration of vesting in certain events, such as in the event of a merger, a consolidation, a sale of all or substantially all of our consolidated assets, change of controlling shareholder, or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our outstanding shares.

The exercise price of equity-based awards will be set so as to induce an incentive for long term value creation, but in any case, not lower than the higher of 5% above the average market price of the Company's share during the 30 day period preceding the date of grant, and the market price of the Company's share at the end of the trading day preceding the date of grant, and will be subject to customary adjustments including for dividend distributions.

The value of equity-based awards at the date of grant (in accordance with acceptable accounting principles) per each vesting annum (calculated on a linear basis), in addition to the Target Bonus (whether or not actually paid), will not exceed 70% of our CEO's and 60% of our other executive officers' total cost of employment in that calendar year. We believe a grant date cap is more appropriate than an exercise date cap as it better aligns long term value creation objectives.

The annual exercise of shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of options of all the Company's executive officers will not dilute the Company's shareholders by more than 2% (in regards to option plans which contain a 'net exercise mechanism') of the Company's outstanding share capital for the year in which such options may be exercised. In addition, our board of directors committed to DIC that the Company will not issue options or shares pursuant to executive officers or employees compensation, which may lead to a dilution of the Company's shareholders by more than 0.5% of the Company's outstanding share capital for the year in which such options may be exercised.

Termination and Retirement. Our executive officers may be entitled to up to a 3 months advance notice period upon termination of their employment with the Company if worked in the Company for up to 3 years, or up to 6 month advance notice period if worked in the Company for over three years and will be required to provide the Company with the same notice when they initiate retirement from their position. The executive officer is obligated to work during such period and Company may decide, at its sole discretion, to waive actual work during that period, in whole or in part. Under special circumstances, the Company may, as approved by our Compensation Committee and Board of directors, grant an executive officer who worked in the Company for a minimum of two years and was not terminated for cause, a termination bonus equal to up to 3 monthly salaries of the executive officer, including benefits or an adjustment period of up to 3 month during which the executive officer will be entitled to continue to enjoy all compensation and benefits. In case the executive officer worked in the Company for a minimum period of five years, such termination bonus or adjustment period, may be up to 6 monthly salaries or 6 months, respectively. In deciding on the grant of a termination bonus or the like, our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors shall take into consideration the executive officer's term of employment, his/her compensation during his/her employment with the Company, the Company's performance during that period, the contribution of the executive officer to achieving the Company's objectives and increasing its profits and the circumstances of termination.

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The Company may approve, upon termination of an executive officer’s employment, to amend the terms in connection with the executive officer’s equity-based compensation grants, such as extending the period for exercise of equity-based compensation upon termination, for longer periods than as set forth in the applicable plan, enabling acceleration of vesting of unvested equity-based compensation, while considering the same considerations stated above for a termination bonus.

The Company will not pay its executive officers any non-competition fees for post termination periods, although executive officers may be bound by post termination non-competition obligations.

Compensation for our directors

Our directors who are affiliated with our controlling shareholder or appointed by our controlling shareholder ("Controlling Shareholder Directors") who do not hold an active role in the Company (i.e., are not executive directors) will not be entitled to cash compensation for their services as directors, as we pay our controlling shareholder an annual management fee, which includes payment for services of non-executive Controlling Shareholder Directors. Our Controlling Shareholder Directors who hold an active role in the Company (i.e., executive directors, including the Chairman of the Board of Directors), may be entitled to compensation from the Company which may include an annual fixed payment and equity-based compensation, and the provisions regarding the CEO's base salary and equity–based compensation set forth in the compensation policy shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the annual fixed payment and equity-based compensation such executive directors shall receive for their services, assuming a full time position as an executive director. A part-time position may entitle our executive directors to a corresponding portion of annual fixed payment and equity-based compensation. Our Controlling Shareholder Directors will not receive a cash bonus. In 2016, no executive directors were paid directly by the Company.

All directors who are not Controlling Shareholder Directors, including external directors, independent directors and other directors, will be entitled to directors fees in accordance with the amounts of statutory compensation to an external director of a dual-listed company allowed by the applicable Israeli law and regulations (as shall be updated from time to time and up to the maximum amounts allowed) and will not receive cash bonuses or equity-based compensation.

Indemnification

Exemption from liability and liability insurance policy. Our articles of association allow us to exempt in advance a director and executive officer, or office holders, from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for a breach of his or her duty of care (except in connection with distributions) and we may enter into a contract for insurance against liability of any of our office holders with respect to certain breaches of his/her duties and certain financial liabilities and litigation expenses.

We maintain a liability insurance policy for the benefit of our office holders. Our directors and executive officers' coverage will not exceed US$100 million per claim in the aggregate, and additional reasonable expenses in connection with defending lawsuits, and the premium will not exceed US$ 1.0 million per annum in any renewal or extension or substitution of the policy and the deductible will not exceed US$ 0.5 million per claim. Any such renewal or extension or substitution of the liability insurance policy for the benefit of our office holders (including those who are or are related to controlling shareholders or in respect of whom our controlling shareholders have a personal interest, who shall be insured under identical terms) does not require a separate approval of the Company's shareholders, in addition to the approval of the compensation policy (which in itself requires approval once every three years) if our compensation committee resolves that such renewal or extension or substitution upholds the limitations set above.

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Indemnification. Our articles of association provide that we may indemnify our office holders against certain financial liability and litigation expenses. We have undertaken to indemnify our office holders for certain events listed in the indemnification letters given to them. Excluding reasonable litigation expenses, as noted above, the aggregate amount payable to all directors and officers and other employees who may have been or will be given such indemnification letters is limited to the amounts we receive from our insurance policy plus 30% of our shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2001, or NIS 486 million, and to be adjusted by the Israeli CPI. The approval of the compensation policy by our shareholders shall not be considered as approval of the indemnification amount to the Company's office holders (over the amounts received from the Company's insurance policy).

The above exemption, indemnification and insurance coverage are subject to the limitations set in the Companies Law.

Executive Officer and Director Compensation

The aggregate direct compensation we paid to all our executive officers and directors as a group (16 persons) for 2016 was approximately NIS 12.8 million, of which approximately NIS 2.0 million was set aside or accrued to provide for pension, retirement, severance or similar benefits. These amounts do not include expenses we incurred for other payments, including dues for professional and business associations, business travel and other expenses and benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel. In addition, in 2016 we recorded the sum of approximately NIS 3.1 million, as a compensation cost related to the options granted to all our executive officers under our share incentive plans. See “6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – E. Share Ownership – Share Incentive Plans”. We pay our executive officers an annual bonus based on our overall performance and individual performance, in accordance and subject to the provisions of our compensation policy (described above). For 2016, our compensation committee and board of directors resolved to pay our executive officers (excluding our CEO) an annual bonus in an aggregate sum of approximately NIS 3.7 million, as per our compensation policy, and approximately NIS 1.0 million to Mr. Sztern, our CEO (as per his employment agreement described below).

The table below reflects the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2016. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives.” All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to the Company, as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, which includes compensation paid or to be paid to such Covered Executive following the end of the year in respect of services provided during the year. Each of the Covered Employees was covered by our D&O liability insurance policy and was entitled to indemnification and exculpation in accordance with applicable law and our articles of association. The amounts set forth in the table below are given in thousands of New Israeli Shekels (NIS).

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Name and Principal Position ⁽¹⁾	Salary Cost ⁽²⁾	Consultancy Fees	Bonus⁽³⁾	Equity-Based Compensation⁽⁴⁾	Total
Nir Sztern, President and Chief Executive Officer	1,978	--	1,037	1,106	4,122
Ron Shvili, Chief Technology Officer	1,139	--	469	326	1,935
Shlomi Fruhling, Chief Financial Officer	1,122	--	465	326	1,914
Keren Shtevy, Vice President of Business Customers	1,033	--	455	190	1,678
Amos Maor, VP Sales and Service	1,044	--	432	190	1,665

(1)

Unless otherwise indicated herein, all Covered Executives are or were employed on a full-time (100%) basis.

(2)

Salary cost includes the Covered Executive's gross salary plus payment of social benefits made by the Company on behalf of such Covered Executive. Such benefits may include, to the extent applicable to the Covered Executive, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds (e.g., Managers' Life Insurance Policy), education funds (referred to in Hebrew as “keren hishtalmut”), pension, severance, risk insurances (e.g., life, or work disability insurance), payments for social security and tax gross-up payments, vacation, car, medical insurance and benefits, phone, convalescence or recreation pay and other benefits and perquisites consistent with our policies.

(3)

Represents annual bonuses approved by our compensation committee and board of directors to the Covered Executives with respect to the year ended December 31, 2016, based on our compensation policy. Doesn't include the deferred portion (40%) of the annual bonuses for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was deferred to 2016 pursuant to our previous compensation policy and was included in the compensation table in our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2015.

(4)

Represents the equity-based compensation expenses recorded in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, based on the fair value of the applicable options on the date of grant thereof, in accordance with accounting guidance for equity-based compensation. For a discussion of the assumptions used in reaching this valuation, see Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We paid no cash compensation to our Controlling Shareholder Directors (directors who are affiliated with DIC or appointed by our controlling shareholder) for their services as directors in 2016, but we paid management fees to DIC– see "Item 8.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – Related Party Transactions – Relationship With IDB". In March 2013, our Board of Directors resolved that each of our external directors be paid the maximum amount of statutory compensation to an external director of a dual-listed company allowed by the applicable law and regulations, which is in the amount of NIS 134,180 (approximately $34,897) per year and NIS 4,035 (approximately $1,049) per meeting which such external director attends (including meetings of committees of the Board of Directors), adjusted for changes in the Israeli CPI for October 2015. As resolved in our annual shareholders meeting held in July 2011, our independent directors (Shlomo Waxe and Ephraim Kunda) are compensated at the same level as a statutory external director of a dual listed company, as described above.

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Employment Agreement of Nir Sztern

Mr. Nir Sztern, our Chief Executive Officer as of January 1, 2012, is entitled to a gross monthly salary of NIS 120,000 linked to Israeli CPI. He is also entitled to a company car and the use of a cellular phone. Mr. Sztern is entitled to an annual bonus equal to nine months' salary which shall increase or decrease in proportion to our annual EBITDA, with a minimum of six months' salary and a maximum of 15 months' salary bonus, linked to Israeli CPI, in respect of which no social benefits are accrued. Mr. Sztern's annual bonus for 2016 amounted to NIS 1.0 million. Mr. Sztern is also entitled to participate in our share option plan. Mr. Sztern’s agreement contains provisions for vacation days, sick leave, managers’ insurance and an education fund. The aggregate monthly cost to us of Mr. Sztern’s employment in 2016 amounted to approximately NIS164,800 (approximately $42,880), not including the annual bonus. The agreement is for an unspecified period of time and can be terminated by either party with advance notice of three months. Mr. Sztern will continue to receive his salary and benefits for a period of three months after termination by either party, unless we terminate the agreement for cause.

C. BOARD PRACTICES

Corporate Governance Practices

We are incorporated in Israel and therefore are subject to various corporate governance practices under the Companies Law, relating to such matters as external directors, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the internal auditor. These matters are in addition to the applicable requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and U.S. securities laws. Under the New York Stock Exchange rules, a foreign private issuer may generally follow its home country rules of corporate governance in lieu of the comparable New York Stock Exchange requirements, except for certain matters such as composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the independence of its members. We follow the Companies Law, the relevant provisions of which are summarized in this annual report, and comply with the New York Stock Exchange requirement to solicit proxies from our shareholders in respect of each meeting of shareholders.

For a summary of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices as a foreign private issuer and those required of U.S. domestic companies under NYSE Listing Standards see “Item 16G – Corporate Governance”.

Under the Companies Law, our Board of Directors must determine the minimum number of members of our Board of directors required to have financial and accounting expertise, as defined in the regulations of the Companies Law. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, the Board of Directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our Board of Directors has determined that we require at least two directors with the requisite financial and accounting expertise and that Messrs. Erel and Bronshtein (replaced as of January 2017 by Mr. Wior, and determined by our board of directors to have such financial and accounting expertise) have such expertise. The Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder also require that at least one of our External Directors has financial and accounting expertise, and consider a person who is an audit committee independent financial expert according to U.S. law to comply with that requirement. Our Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Ronit Baytel qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the SEC in Item 16.A of Form 20-F.

In accordance with the Concentration Law, since we are a third layer in a pyramidal structure (a layer being a public corporation), our board of directors' composition must accord with the following requirements: the majority of the board of directors shall be independent directors, as defined in the Companies Law, and the number of external directors shall be half the number of our directors less one (rounded upwards) but not less than two. We are in compliance with these requirements. These requirements will be in effect during a transition period of six years (until December 2019), during which we are to become a second layer corporation.

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Board of Directors and Officers

Our articles of association provide that we must have at least five directors. Each director (other than external directors and directors required to be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders) will hold office until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders following his or her election. The approval of at least a majority of the voting rights represented at a general meeting and voting on the matter is generally required to remove any of our directors from office (other than external directors and directors required to be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders), provided that directors appointed by the Board of Directors may also be removed by the Board of Directors. A majority of our shareholders at a general meeting may elect directors or fill any vacancy, however created, in our Board of Directors (other than external directors and directors required to be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders). In addition, directors, other than an external director or a director required to be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders, may be appointed by a vote of a majority of the directors then in office. We do not enter into service contracts with our directors.

Our Board of Directors currently consists of six directors, including four independent directors under the rules of the NYSE, of whom two also qualify as external directors under the Companies Law. Two of our current directors, Mr. Waxe and Mr. Kunda, are independent directors who were elected at our annual shareholders meeting held in May 2016. Our external directors, Mr. Barnea and Ms. Baytel were elected in our annual shareholders meeting held in May 2016 for an additional one year term. Two additional directors, Messrs. Erel and Bronshtein, were appointed by DIC, as Israeli shareholders, in accordance with our license and articles of association’s requirement until January 2017, that at least 20% of our directors be appointed by Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders. As of January 2017, following the amendment to our license which reduced such requirement to at least 10%, only Mr. Erel is appointed by DIC, as Israeli shareholders. Mr. Wior, who replaced Mr. Bronshtein, was appointed by our Board of Directors until the next annual shareholders meeting.

Our articles of association provide, as allowed by Israeli law, that any director may, by written notice to us, appoint another person who is not a director to serve as an alternate director (subject to the approval of the chairman of the Board of Directors; and in the case of an appointment made by the chairman, such appointment shall be valid unless objected to by the majority of other directors) and may cancel such appointment. The term of appointment of an alternate director is unlimited in time and scope unless otherwise specified in the appointment notice, or until notice is given of the termination of the appointment. No director currently has appointed any other person as an alternate director. The Companies Law stipulates that a person who serves as a director may not serve as an alternate director except under very limited circumstances. In addition, the Companies Law provides that an external director cannot appoint an alternate director to serve on the Board of Directors, and an external director cannot appoint another external director to serve as his or her alternate on a committee of the Board of Directors unless the alternate has the same qualifications as the appointing director. Similarly, an independent director cannot appoint an alternate director, unless the alternate director has the qualifications to serve as an independent director. An alternate director has the same responsibility as a director.

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Each of our executive officers serves at the discretion of our Board of Directors and holds office until his or her successor is elected or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

External Directors

Qualifications of external directors

Companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel whose securities are listed on a stock exchange are required by the Companies Law to appoint at least two external directors. For the Concentration Law in this regard see "– Corporate Governance Practices" above. External directors are required to possess professional and other qualifications as set out in the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. The appointment of our external directors was approved by our shareholders in May 2007 for an initial term of three years, and our external directors were reelected to additional three year terms in April 2010 and 2013 and again in May 2016 for an additional one year term. The Companies Law provides that a person may not be appointed as an external director of a company that has a controlling shareholder if the person is a relative of the controlling shareholder, or if the person, or the person’s relative, partner, employer, direct or indirect supervisor or any entity under the person’s control has or during the two years preceding the date of appointment had, any affiliation with the company or any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the company.

The term affiliation includes:

an employment relationship;

a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;

control; and

service as an office holder, excluding service as a director in a private company prior to its initial public offering if such director was appointed in order to serve as an external director following the offering.

Pursuant to the Concentration Law, for so long as we are a third layer company, additional qualifications apply to our external directors.

The term “office holder” is defined in the Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any manager directly subordinate to the general manager or any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of the foregoing positions, without regard to such person’s title, and a director. Each person listed above under “Item 6.A - Directors and Senior Management,” except our controller, is an office holder for this purpose.

No person may serve as an external director if the person’s position or other business interests creates, or may create, a conflict of interest with the person’s responsibilities as a director or may otherwise interfere with the person’s ability to serve as a director. If at the time an external director is appointed all current members of the board of directors are of the same gender, then that external director must be of the other gender.

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For two years following the termination of an external director’s service, the company and its controlling shareholder may not appoint the external director, or his or her spouse or child, as an office holder in that company or another company under common control, and cannot employ or receive services from that person for pay or grant any benefit, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by that person. The same restrictions apply in regards to a relative who is not the external director’s spouse or child for a period of one year.

Election of external directors

External directors are typically elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

a majority of the aggregate number of shares voted at the meeting by non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the candidate (other than a personal interest that is unrelated to a relationship with the controlling shareholders) are voted in favor of the election of the external director; or

the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the candidate (other than a personal interest that is unrelated to a relationship with the controlling shareholders) voted against the election of the external director does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

However, under the Concentration Law, for so long as we are a third layer company, the election of an external director requires (i) the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of non-controlling shareholders or shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the approval of the election of the external director (other than a personal interest that is not the result of the shareholder's connections with a controlling shareholder) present, in person or by proxy, at the meeting and voting on the matter; and (ii) that the total number of shares of the shareholders described in section (i) above that were voted in favor of the election of the external director exceeds 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the Company.

The initial term of an external director is three years and he or she may be reelected to up to two additional terms of three years each by means of one of the following mechanisms: (i) the board of directors proposed the nominee and the nominee's appointment was approved by the shareholders in the manner required to appoint external directors for their initial term, or (ii) a shareholder holding 1% or more of the voting rights or the external director proposed the nominee, and the nominee is approved by a majority of the votes cast by the shareholders of the company, excluding the votes of controlling shareholders and those who have a personal interest in the matter as a result of their relations with the controlling shareholders, provided that, the aggregate votes cast by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the matter as a result of their relations with the controlling shareholders in favor of the nominee constitute more than 2% of the voting rights in the company, and that the nominee is not the proposing shareholder or a 5% shareholder who is an affiliate or competitor of the company or a relative or affiliate of such a shareholder. Thereafter, in dual listed companies like us, an external director may be reelected by our shareholders for additional periods of up to three years each only if the audit committee and the board of directors confirm that, in light of the external director’s expertise and special contribution to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the reelection for such additional period is beneficial to the company. An external director may only be removed by the same percentage of shareholders votes as is required for the election of an external director, or by a court, and then only if the external director ceases to meet the statutory qualifications or violates his or her duty of loyalty to the company. If an external directorship becomes vacant, a company’s board of directors is required under the Companies Law to call a shareholders’ meeting promptly to appoint a new external director.

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Each committee of a company’s board of directors that has the right to exercise a power delegated by the board of directors is required to include at least one external director, and the audit and compensation committees are required to include all of the external directors. An external director is entitled to compensation as provided in regulations adopted under the Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with services provided as an external director.

Israeli-appointed directors

Our license (after having been amended in January 2017) requires, that at least 10% of our directors will be appointed and removed by shareholders who are Israeli citizens and Israeli residents from among our founding shareholders. If our Board of Directors is comprised of 14 directors or less, the Israeli shareholders will be entitled to appoint one director, and if our Board of Directors is comprised of between 15 and 24 directors, the Israeli shareholders will be entitled to appoint two directors. Our articles of association provide that DIC, as founding shareholder, is responsible for complying with the requirement under our license that Israeli citizens and residents from among our founding shareholders hold at least 5% of our outstanding shares, and that so long as DIC so complies, it will be entitled to appoint and remove these directors. We intend to amend our articles of association to accord to such updated requirements in our forthcoming general meeting of shareholders.

Board Committees

Our Board of Directors has established an audit committee, analysis committee, option committee, compensation committee and a security committee.

Audit committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must establish an audit committee. The audit committee must consist of at least three directors and must include all of the company’s external directors, and the majority of its members is required to be independent (as such term is defined under the Israeli Companies Law). The chairman of the audit committee is required to be an external director. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, any director employed by the company or by its controlling shareholder or by an entity controlled by the controlling shareholder, a director who regularly provides services to the company or to its controlling shareholder or to an entity controlled by the controlling shareholder, and any director who derives most of his or her income from the controlling shareholder, a controlling shareholder or any of a controlling shareholder’s relatives. The members of the audit committee are also required to meet the independence requirements established by the SEC in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

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Our audit committee provides assistance to our Board of Directors in fulfilling its legal and fiduciary obligations in matters involving our accounting, auditing, financial reporting and internal control functions by pre-approving the services performed by our independent accountants and reviewing their reports regarding our accounting practices and systems of internal control over financial reporting. The audit committee also oversees the audit efforts of our independent accountants and takes those actions as it deems necessary to satisfy itself that the accountants are independent of management. Under the Companies Law, the audit committee is required to identify deficiencies in the management of the company, including by consulting with the internal auditor or the independent accountants, and recommending remedial actions to the board of directors, assessing the scope of work and compensation of the company's independent accountant, assessing the company's internal audit function and the performance of its internal auditor, setting whistle blower procedures (including in respect of the protections afforded to whistle blowers) and is responsible for determining whether certain related party actions and transactions are "material" or "extraordinary" in connection with their approval procedures, reviewing and approving certain related party transactions, as described below, including determining procedures and approvals for entering into controlling shareholder transactions even if they are not extraordinary transactions. The audit committee may not approve such a related party transaction unless at the time of approval the two external directors were serving as members of the audit committee and at least one of them was present at the meeting at which the approval was granted.

Our audit committee is composed entirely of independent members (both under the Israeli Companies Law and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) and includes all the external directors. The members of our audit committee are Messrs. Barnea (chairman), Waxe , and Kunda and Ms. Baytel. Our board of directors determined Ms. Baytel to be qualified to serve as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the SEC's rules.

Financial exposure management subcommittee

Our financial exposure management subcommittee, which is a subcommittee of our audit committee, was nominated by our board of directors and reviews our financial exposures, investment and hedging policies and recommends to our board of directors how we might enhance our investment and hedging performance. Our financial exposure management subcommittee consists of our external directors, Mr. Barnea and Ms.Baytel.

Analysis committee

Our analysis committee reviews our costs and annual budget and recommends ways to achieve cost efficiency in our activities to our Board of Directors. Our Analysis committee also reviews our operations and future plans and recommends how we might enhance our present and future performance to our Board of Directors. Our analysis committee consists of Messrs. Bronshtein, Erel, Waxe, Barnea and Kunda (and as of March 2017, Ms. Baytel and Mr. Wior as well).

Option committee

Our option committee administers the issuance of options under our 2015 Share Incentive Plan to our employees who are not office holders, as well as any actions and decisions necessary for the ongoing management of the plan. Our option committee consists of Messrs. Erel (chairman) and Barnea.

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Security committee and observer

Our security committee, which we were required to appoint once we became a public company pursuant to our license, deals with matters concerning state security. Only directors who have the requisite security clearance by Israel’s General Security Services may be members of this committee. The committee is required to be comprised of at least four members, including at least one external director. In addition, the Minister of Communications is entitled under our license to appoint a state employee with security clearance to act as an observer in all meetings of our Board of Directors and its committees. Such an observer was appointed in February 2008. Our security committee consists of Messrs. Waxe, Bronshtein, Kunda and Barnea.

Compensation committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must establish a compensation committee. The compensation committee must consist of at least three directors and must include all of the company’s external directors and the external directors must constitute the majority of its members. The chairman of the compensation committee must be one of the external directors. Other members of the committee should be directors whose terms of compensation are the same as external directors. Under the Companies Law, the compensation committee functions are to recommend to the board of directors, for ultimate shareholder approval by a special majority, a policy governing the compensation of office holders, based on specified criteria, to review modifications to the compensation policy from time to time, to review its implementation and to approve the actual compensation terms of office holders. The composition of our compensation committee complies with the requirements described above. Our compensation committee consists of Ms. Baytel (chairperson), Mr. Kunda and Mr. Barnea.

Internal Auditor

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor nominated by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may not be an interested party or an office holder, or a relative of any of the foregoing, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent accountant or its representative. An interested party is generally defined in the Companies Law as a 5% or greater shareholder, any person or entity who has the right to designate one director or more or the chief executive officer of the company or any person who serves as a director or as the chief executive officer. Until September 2016 our internal auditor was Mr. Eli Nir, CPA, and thereafter Itzik Ravid of Rave Ravid and Associates, a leading Israeli internal auditing firm.

Approval of Specified Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law

Fiduciary duties of office holders

The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the degree of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes a duty to use reasonable means, in light of the circumstances, to obtain:

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information on the appropriateness of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position; and

all other important information pertaining to these actions.

The duty of loyalty of an office holder includes a duty to act in good faith and for the best interests of the company, including to:

refrain from any conflict of interest between the performance of his or her duties in the company and his or her other duties or personal affairs;

refrain from any activity that is competitive with the company;

refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company to receive a personal gain for himself or herself or others; and

disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the office holder received as a result of his or her position as an office holder.

Personal interests of an office holder

The Companies Law requires that an office holder disclose any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which such transaction is considered. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder’s spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse’s descendants and the spouses of any of these people.

Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary transaction is a transaction:

other than in the ordinary course of business;

that is not on market terms; or

that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.

Under the Companies Law, once an office holder complies with the above disclosure requirement, the transaction can be approved, provided that it is in the best interest of the company. A director who has a personal interest in a matter which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee, will generally not be present at this meeting or vote on this matter unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee have a personal interest in the matter. If a majority of the directors have a personal interest in the matter, the matter also generally requires approval of the shareholders of the company. Under the Companies Law, unless the articles of association provide otherwise, a transaction with an office holder, or a transaction with a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, requires approval by the board of directors. If it is an extraordinary transaction, audit committee approval is required, as well. For the approval of the compensation, indemnification or insurance of an officer holder, see "Compensation arrangements" below. Our articles of association provide that a non-extraordinary transaction with an office holder, or with a third party in which an office holder has a personal interest, may be approved by our Board of Directors, by our Audit Committee or, if the transaction involves the provision of our communications services and equipment or involves annual payments not exceeding NIS 250,000 per transaction, by our authorized signatories.

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Personal interests of a controlling shareholder

Under the Companies Law, the disclosure requirements that apply to an office holder also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. A controlling shareholder is a shareholder who has the ability to direct the activities of a company, including a shareholder that owns 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights, but excluding a shareholder whose power derives solely from his or her position on the board of directors or any other position with the company. Accordingly, DIC, and entities and persons that directly or indirectly control DIC, are considered to be our controlling shareholders. Extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or with relatives of a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, directly and indirectly, including through a company controlled by him or her, and any transaction for him or her to provide services to the company (for arrangements regarding the compensation, indemnification or insurance of a controlling shareholder see "Compensation arrangements" below), require the approval of the audit committee, the board of directors and a majority of the shareholders of the company, in that order. In addition, the shareholders' approval must fulfill one of the following requirements:

at least majority of the shareholders who have no personal interest in approving the transaction and who vote on the matter vote in favor of the transaction; or

the shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction do not represent more than 2% of the voting rights in the company.

In addition, any such extraordinary transaction whose term is more than three years, require approval as described above every three years, unless (with respect to transactions not involving management fees or compensation) the audit committee approves that a longer term is reasonable under the circumstances. The audit committee is further responsible for establishing the procedures and approvals required for such transactions even if they are not extraordinary.

Compensation arrangements

Every public company must adopt a compensation policy, recommended by the compensation committee and approved by the board of directors and the shareholders, in that order. The shareholder approval requires a majority of the votes cast by shareholders, excluding any controlling shareholder and those who have a personal interest in the matter (similar to the threshold described above under "– Personal interests of a controlling shareholder"). In general, all office holders’ terms of compensation – including fixed remuneration, bonuses, equity compensation, retirement or termination payments, indemnification, liability insurance and the grant of an exemption from liability – must comply with the company's compensation policy.

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In addition, the compensation terms of directors, the chief executive officer, and any employee or service provider who is considered a controlling shareholder generally must be approved separately by the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company (by the same majority noted above), in that order. The compensation terms of other officers require the approval of the compensation committee and the board of directors.

Duties of shareholders

Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company and to act in good faith in exercising its rights in, and performing its obligations to the company and other shareholders, including, among other things, voting at general meetings of shareholders on the following matters:

an amendment to the articles of association;

an increase in the company’s authorized share capital;

a merger; and

approval of related party transactions that require shareholders' approval.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholders’ vote and any shareholder who, under the company’s articles of association, can appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder or holds any other right in respect of the company, is required to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, and this duty is the subject of ongoing judicial interpretation.

Approval of Private Placements

Under the Companies Law, a private placement of securities requires approval by the board of directors and the shareholders of the company if it will cause a person to become a controlling shareholder or if:

the securities issued amount to 20% or more of the company’s outstanding voting rights before the issuance;

some or all of the consideration is other than cash or listed securities or the transaction is not on market terms; and

the transaction will increase the relative holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of the company’s outstanding share capital or voting rights, or will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of the company’s outstanding share capital or voting rights.

D. EMPLOYEES

Our ability to achieve our strategic goals largely depends on our employees. Consequently, we strive to recruit the most suitable candidates for each position, to give our employees the best training needed to qualify them for their tasks within our organization and aim to keep them satisfied while being productive and efficient. We implement a comprehensive review system that periodically analyzes our employees’ performance in order to improve their performance and in order to enable us to properly compensate, retain and promote our best employees. Since we are committed to providing the best service to our subscribers, approximately 74% of our work force is engaged in customer-facing positions.

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The numbers and breakdowns of our full-time equivalent employees as of the end of the past three years are set forth in the following table:

	Number of Full-Time Equivalent Positions
Unit		December 2014	December 2015	December 2016
Management and headquarters		54	43	40
Human resources		72	92	98
Marketing		57	63	59
Customers*		2,887	2,653	2,514
Finance		101	135	130
Technologies		548	516	540
Operation and administration**		80	-	-
Our subsidiaries***, excluding our wholly owned dealer		122	142	181
Total		3,921	3,645	3,563

* Includes the customer-facing units: business customers, sales and services and supply chain.

** In 2015 the functions composing the operation and administration unit were transferred to other units as follows: the finance unit - 45 employees, human resources unit – 30 employees and marketing unit - 11 employees.

*** Includes companies in which we hold 50% or more of the issued share capital.

In February 2015, we entered a collective employment agreement with the Company's employees' representatives and the Histadrut, an Israeli labor union, for a term of three years (2015-2017). The agreement applies to the Company's and 013 Netvision Ltd.'s employees, excluding certain managerial and specific positions. The agreement defines employment policy and terms in various aspects, which are more favorable to our employees than the requirements of Israeli law, including minimum wage, annual salary increase, incentives, benefits and other one time or annual payments to the employees, as well as a welfare budget and procedures relating to manning a position, change of place of employment and dismissal, including the respective authority of management and the employees' representative with regards to each. The agreement includes innovative terms, whereby the employees are entitled to participate in our operational income over a certain threshold and enjoy additional payments, under certain conditions. In November 2016, Dynamica, our wholly owned dealer, entered a collective employment agreement with Dynamica's employees' representatives and the Histadrut, which is substantially similar to our collective employment agreement. In January 2016, we received a labor dispute announcement by the Histadrut with respect to outsourcing and other employment issues. Under the announcement, our employees would be entitled to take organizational steps (including a strike). We rejected the claims made as a basis for the announcement. To date, no organizational steps have been taken on the basis of that announcement, but we cannot predict whether any steps will be taken in the future nor the effects of such steps, if taken. See also "Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business – The unionizing of our employees may impede necessary organizational and personnel changes, result in increased costs or disruption to our operation".

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Israeli labor laws govern the length of the workday, the number of work days per week, minimum wages for employees, provisions concerning hiring and dismissing employees, including the obligation to hire certain workers retained through subcontractors who provided us services for a certain minimum period and persons with disabilities, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days and other conditions of employment. Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement or death of an employee or termination of employment. In addition, all Israeli employers are obligated to contribute to a pension plan, amounts equal to a certain percentage of the employee's wages, for all employees, after a certain minimum period of employment. As of January 2017, contribution to a pension plan by the employee is 6% of the employee’s wages, with an additional 6.5% contribution by the employer. We contribute to part of our employees' pension arrangements a percentage higher than that required by applicable regulation, which contributions are also intended to cover future severance payments. Under the collective employment agreement, the contributions to severance payment of the employees shall amount to 8.3% of the employee wages, after completing 3 years of employment with us. A provision in our consolidated financial statements covers severance pay in other cases, such as to those employees who were not entitled to managers’ insurance or other pension arrangements. Furthermore, we and our employees are required to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Such amounts also include payments by the employee for health insurance. The total payments to the National Insurance Institute are (as of January 1, 2017) up to 19.5% of an employee’s wages (up to a specified amount), of which the employee contributes approximately 12% and the employer contributes approximately 7.5%.

The Israeli labor law, subjects employers to increased liability, including monetary sanctions and criminal liability, in cases of violations of certain labor laws and certain violations by contractors providing maintenance, security and cleaning services.

In 2015, the Minimum Wage Law was amended to increase the minimum wage paid to employees in Israel in four installments, from April 2015 to January 2017. The increase may adversely affect our results of operations.

We enter into personal employment agreements with our employees on either a monthly (in most cases, full-time positions) or hourly basis. Employment agreements with our employees (with the exclusion of those employees specifically excluded from the collective agreement) are - as of January 2015 - subject to the provisions of the collective employment agreement. Substantially all of our employees have signed non-disclosure and non-competition agreements, although the enforceability of non-competition agreements is limited under Israeli law.

Our employee compensation structure is aimed at encouraging and supporting employee performance towards enabling us to meet our strategic goals. Approximately 88% of our customer-facing employees are entitled to performance-based incentives, which are granted mainly to customer-facing personnel, such as sales and service employees. In addition, some of our employees are entitled to an annual bonus based on our overall performance and individual performance, subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors. As of 2015, under the collective employment agreement, some of our employees are entitled to an annual bonus. We also contribute funds on behalf of some of our employees to an education fund and as of 2015, under the collective employment agreement, to all employees after completing 3 years of employment with us.

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We have entered into agreements with a number of services companies under which they provide us with temporary workers.

In the second quarter of 2014 to 2016 we launched, together with the employees representing labor union, voluntary retirement plans for employees, in which approximately 380, 330 and 190 employees, respectively, have retired, following which we incurred costs of approximately NIS 39 million, NIS 25 million and NIS 13 million, respectively. SHARE OWNERSHIP

As of December 31, 2016, DIC beneficially owned 42,514,02 ordinary shares, and the voting rights in an additional 3,412,500 ordinary shares are held by DIC and 218,223 ordinary shares are held by indirect subsidiaries of IDB for their own account. This does not include a total of 4,089,818 ordinary shares held as of that date for members of the public through, among others, provident funds, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance policies and unaffiliated third-party client accounts, which are managed by indirect subsidiaries of IDB and DIC. IDB, DIC and each of our directors who are affiliated with IDB or DIC, disclaim beneficial ownership of such shares.

Except as described above, none of our executive officers or directors beneficially owns 1% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares.

Share Incentive Plans

We have introduced two Share Incentive Plans, the first in September 2006 and the second in March 2015, or the Plans. These are option plans open to all our employees, directors, consultants and sub-contractors and to those of our affiliates and our shareholders’ affiliates. Under the plan, our Board of Directors (or an option committee to which such authority may be delegated by our Board of Directors) is authorized to determine the terms of the awards, including the identity of grantees, the number of options or restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to be granted, the vesting schedule and the exercise price. The options or RSUs have a term of six years and under the 2006 plan vest in four equal installments on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the date of grant and under the 2015 plan vest in three equal installments on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the date of grant. Under the Plans, unvested options or RSUs terminate immediately upon termination of employment or service. The Plans define acceleration events of options or RSUs granted, including a merger, a consolidation, a sale of all or substantially all of our consolidated assets, or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our outstanding shares. The Plans terminate upon the earlier of ten years from its adoption date or the termination of all outstanding options or RSUs pursuant to an acceleration event. The terms of the Plans provide for a net exercise mechanism, the result of which is to require us to issue a smaller number of ordinary shares than represented by the outstanding options. Unless the Board of Directors otherwise approves, the number of ordinary shares issuable by us upon the exercise of an option will represent a market value that is equal to the difference between the market price of the ordinary shares and the option exercise price of the exercised options, at the date of exercise. Distribution of cash dividends before the exercise of the options reduces the exercise price of each option by an amount equal to the gross amount of the dividend per share distributed.

In December 2013, our compensation committee and board of directors resolved to grant additional 234,000 options under the 2006 share incentive plan to two executive officers, at an exercise price of US$ 14.65 per share. The options granted, in accordance and subject to our compensation policy provisions, will vest in three equal installments on each of the first and second and third anniversary of the date of grant. The options of the first installment may be exercised within 24 months from their vesting and the second and third installments may be exercised with 18 month from their vesting.

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In August 2014, senior employees and non-director officers of the Company sold an aggregate of 933,348 shares of the Company issued to them upon their exercise of vested options, constituting approximately 0.93% of the Company’s issued share capital, to financial institutions. To our knowledge, the purchasers intended to place such shares for sale outside the United States to non-US investors.

In August 2015, our compensation committee and board of directors resolved to grant 2,660,000 options under the 2015 share incentive plan to certain non-director officers and senior employees, of which 1,740,000 options were granted to the Company's executive officers, including 525,000 options to Mr. Sztern, the Company's CEO, at an exercise price of NIS 25.65 per share. Mr. Sztern's grant was further subject to shareholders approval in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, which was received in October 2015. In November 2016, our board of directors resolved to grant 63,000 options under the 2015 share incentive plan to certain senior employees, at an exercise price of NIS 29.97 per share. The options granted will be vested in three equal installments on each of the first, second and third anniversary of the date of grant. The options of the first installment may be exercised within 24 months from their vesting, and the options of the second and third installments may be exercised with 18 month from their vesting. We will record the total sum of approximately NIS 9.6 million, as a compensation cost related to these grants, over the vesting period (2015 – 2019).

As of December 31, 2016, an aggregate of 2,764,334 ordinary shares were issuable upon exercise of options according to the terms above.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our shares as of December 31, 2016, by each person, or group of affiliated persons, known to us to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding shares.

In accordance with the rules of the SEC, beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to securities and includes any shares issuable pursuant to options that are exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016. Any shares issuable pursuant to options are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such options but are not outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person. The percentage of beneficial ownership for the following table is based on 100,604,578 ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2016. To our knowledge, except as indicated in the footnotes to this table and pursuant to applicable community property laws, our major shareholders do not have different voting rights and the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares held by them.

132

Table of Contents

	Shares Beneficially Owned
Name of Beneficial Owner	Number		Percent

Discount Investment Corporation Ltd.*		45,926,502		45.65	%
Psagot Investment House Ltd.**		7,111,029		7.07	%
Directors and executive officers as a group (16 persons)***		790,647		0.79	%

	High		Low
	NIS		NIS
Annually

2012		58.0		19.8
2013		49.3		26.3
2014		48.5		33.5
2015		32.7		13.9
2016		32.7		22.3

Quarterly
2015
First Quarter		32.7		19.2
Second Quarter		20.2		14.5
Third Quarter		27.6		13.9
Fourth Quarter		30.7		23.6
2016
First Quarter		27.3		22.3
Second Quarter		32.5		22.4
Third Quarter		29.8		25.0
Fourth Quarter		32.7		27.3

Monthly
2016
September		29.5		27.4
October		30.4		28.5
November		31.3		27.3
December		32.7		30.4
2017
January		39.7		31.4
February		40.2		37.1

	As of December 31,
	2014					2015					2016
	Par Value		Fair Value			Par Value		Fair Value			Par Value			Fair Value
	(In NIS millions)
Forward contracts on foreign currency exchange rate (mainly US$– NIS)		19		-			98		1			95			1
Forward contracts on Israeli CPI rate		1,925		(31	)		1,200		(32	)		800			(22	)
Options on the foreign currency exchange rate (mainly US$– NIS)		97		1			137		-			(95	)		1
Total		2,041		(30	)		1,435		(31	)		1,435			(20	)

	2015		2016
	(NIS in thousands)
Audit Fees		2,400		2,425
Audit-Related Fees		170		150
Tax Fees		2		175
Total		2,572		2,750

Exhibit Number	Description

1.1	Updated Articles of Association and Memorandum of Association ^††††
2.1	Form of Ordinary Share Certificate^†
4.2	Series B Indenture dated December 21, 2005 and an addendum dated February 27, 2006 between Cellcom and Hermetic Trust (1975) Ltd. ^†
4.4	Series D Indenture dated September 20, 2007, between Cellcom and Hermetic Trust (1975) Ltd. ^††
4.5	Series E Indenture dated March 31, 2009, between Cellcom and Hermetic Trust (1975) Ltd. ^†††
4.6	Shelf Prospectus Indenture dated July 14, 2011, between Cellcom and Hermetic Trust (1975) Ltd. ^††††
4.7	Shelf Prospectus Indenture dated March 7, 2012, between Cellcom and Strauss Lazar Trust Company (1992) Ltd. ^††††
4.7.1	Amendment and Addendum no. 1 to the Indenture from January 19, 2012, dated March 7, 2012, between Cellcom and Strauss Lazar Trust Company (1992) Ltd. ^††††
4.8	Series H and I Indenture dated June 23, 2014, between Cellcom and Mishmeret Trust Services Company Ltd., as amended in Addendum no.1 dated June 26, 2014^{†††††}
4.9	Series J and K Indenture dated September 25, 2016, between Cellcom and Mishmeret Trust Services Company Ltd. *
4.10	Amended 2006 Share Incentive Plan^{††††††}
4.11	Registration Rights Agreement dated March 15, 2006 among Cellcom, Goldman Sachs International, DIC, DIC Communications and Technology Ltd. and PEC Israel Economic Corporation^†
4.12	Amended Non-Exclusive General License for the Provision of Mobile Radio Telephone Services in the Cellular Method dated June 27, 1994*
4.13	Netvision Ltd. Merger Agreement^††††
4.14	Amended 2015 Share Incentive Plan^{†††††††}
4.15	Instruments defining the terms of deferred loans provided to Cellcom We agree to furnish to the SEC upon request, copies of our deferred loan agreements.
8.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant^††††
12.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act *
12.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act *
13.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act *
15.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Somekh Chaikin *
15.2	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Keselman & Keselman *

Cellcom Israel Ltd.


By:	/s/ Nir Sztern
	Name:	Nir Sztern
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer

	High $		Low $
Annually

2012		15.4		5.1
2013		14.1		7.1
2014		14.0		8.5
2015		8.4		3.6
2016		8.6		5.7

Quarterly
2015
First Quarter		8.4		4.8
Second Quarter		5.2		3.8
Third Quarter		7.2		3.6
Fourth Quarter		8.1		5.8

2016
First Quarter		7.2		5.7
Second Quarter		8.5		5.8
Third Quarter		7.9		6.4
Fourth Quarter		8.6		7.0

Monthly
2016
September		7.9		7.2
October		8.0		7.3
November		8.1		7.0
December		8.6		7.8
2017
January		10.5		9.0
February		11.0		9.9

Contents


	Page


Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms	F3-F6


Consolidated Financial Statements


Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	F7


Consolidated Statements of Income	F8


Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	F9


Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	F10


Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F11-F12


Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F13-F73

/s/ Somekh Chaikin	/s/ Kesselman & Kesselman
Certified Public Accountants (Isr.)	Certified Public Accountants (lsr.)
Member Firm of KPMG International	A member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers
Tel Aviv, Israel	International Limited

				Convenience
				translation into
				US dollar (Note 2D)
		December 31,	December 31,	December 31,
		2015	2016	2016
	Note	NIS millions	NIS millions	US$ millions

Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	8	761	1,240	322
Current investments, including derivatives		281	284	74
Trade receivables	9	1,254	1,325	345
Current tax assets	28	-	25	6
Other receivables	9	104	61	16
Inventory	10	85	64	17

Total current assets		2,485	2,999	780

Trade and other receivables	9	785	796	207
Property, plant and equipment, net	11	1,745	1,659	432
Intangible assets, net	12	1,254	1,207	314
Deferred tax assets	28	9	1	-

Total non- current assets		3,793	3,663	953

Total assets		6,278	6,662	1,733

Liabilities
Current maturities of debentures	17	734	863	224
Trade payables and accrued expenses	13	677	675	176
Current tax liabilities	28	53	-	-
Provisions	14	110	108	28
Other payables, including derivatives	15	286	279	73

Total current liabilities		1,860	1,925	501

Long-term loans from financial institutions	17	-	340	88
Debentures	17	3,054	2,866	745
Provisions	14	20	30	8
Other long-term liabilities	16	24	31	8
Liability for employee rights upon retirement, net	18	12	12	3
Deferred tax liabilities	28	123	118	31

Total non- current liabilities		3,233	3,397	883

Total liabilities		5,093	5,322	1,384

Equity attributable to owners of the Company	19
Share capital		1	1	-
Cash flow hedge reserve		(2)	(1)	-
Retained earnings		1,170	1,322	344

Non-controlling interests		16	18	5

Total equity		1,185	1,340	349

Total liabilities and equity		6,278	6,662	1,733

					Convenience
					translation into US
					dollar (Note 2D)
		Year ended	Year ended	Year ended	Year ended
		December 31,	December 31,	December 31,	December 31,
		2014	2015	2016	2016
	Note	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	US$ millions

Revenues	22	4,570	4,180	4,027	1,047
Cost of revenues	23	(2,727)	(2,763)	(2,702)	(703)

Gross profit		1,843	1,417	1,325	344

Selling and marketing expenses	24	(672)	(620)	(574)	(149)
General and administrative expenses	25	(463)	(465)	(420)	(109)
Other expenses, net	26	(46)	(22)	(21)	(6)

Operating profit		662	310	310	80

Financing income		100	55	46	12
Financing expenses		(298)	(232)	(196)	(51)
Financing expenses, net	27	(198)	(177)	(150)	(39)

Profit before taxes on income		464	133	160	41

Taxes on income	28	(110)	(36)	(10)	(2)
Profit for the year		354	97	150	39

Attributable to:
Owners of the Company		351	95	148	39
Non-controlling interests		3	2	2	-
Profit for the year		354	97	150	39

Earnings per share	19
Basic earnings per share (in NIS)		3.51	0.95	1.47	0.38

Diluted earnings per share (in NIS)		3.48	0.95	1.47	0.38

Weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic earnings per share (in shares)		99,924,306	100,589,458	100,604,578	100,604,578

Weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)		100,706,282	100,589,530	100,698,306	100,698,306

				Convenience
				translation into US
				dollar (Note 2D)
	Year ended	Year ended	Year ended	Year ended
	December 31,	December 31,	December 31,	December 31,
	2014	2015	2016	2016
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	US$ millions

Profit for the year	354	97	150	39
Other comprehensive income items that after initial recognition in comprehensive income were or will be transferred to profit or loss
Changes in fair value of cash flow hedges transferred to profit or loss	13	1	1	-
Tax on other comprehensive income items that were or will be transferred to profit or loss in subsequent years	(3)	-	-	-

Total other comprehensive income for the year that after initial recognition in comprehensive income was or will be transferred to profit or loss, net of tax	10	1	1	-

Other comprehensive income items that will not be transferred to profit or loss

Re-measurement of defined benefit plan, net of tax	(1)	(2)	(1)	-

Total other comprehensive loss for the year that will not be transferred to profit or loss, net of tax	(1)	(2)	(1)	-

Total other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of tax	9	(1)	-	-

Total comprehensive income for the year	363	96	150	39

Total comprehensive income attributable to:

Owners of the Company	360	94	148	39
Non-controlling interests	3	2	2	-

Total comprehensive income for the year	363	96	150	39

	Attributable to owners of the Company				Non-controlling interests	Total equity	Convenience translation into US dollar (Note 2D)
	Share capital	Capital reserve	Retained earnings	Total
	NIS millions						US$ millions

Balance as of January 1, 2014	1	(13)	719	707	3	710

Comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year	-	-	351	351	3	354
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of tax	-	10	(1)	9	-	9
Transactions with owners, recognized directly in equity
Share based payments	-	-	3	3	-	3
Expiration of put option over non-controlling interests in a consolidated company	-	-	6	6	10	16

Balance as of December 31, 2014	1	(3)	1,078	1,076	16	1,092

Comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year	-	-	95	95	2	97
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of tax	-	1	(2)	(1)	-	(1)
Transactions with owners, recognized directly in equity
Share based payments	-	-	3	3	-	3
Dividend to non-controlling intererst in a subsidiary	-	-	-	-	(1)	(1)
Options written over non-controlling interests in a consolidated company	-	-	(4)	(4)	(1)	(5)
Balance as of December 31, 2015	1	(2)	1,170	1,169	16	1,185	308

Comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year	-	-	148	148	2	150	39
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of tax	-	1	(1)	-	-	-	-
Transactions with owners, recognized directly in equity
Share based payments	-	-	5	5	1	6	2
Dividend to non-controlling interests in a subsidiary	-	-	-	-	(1)	(1)	-

Balance as of December 31, 2016	1	(1)	1,322	1,322	18	1,340	349

	Exchange rates of US$	Consumer Price Index (points)*

As of December 31, 2016	3.845	220.68
As of December 31, 2015	3.902	221.35
As of December 31, 2014	3.889	223.36

Change during the year:

Year ended December 31, 2016	(1.46%)	(0.30%)
Year ended December 31, 2015	0.33%	(0.90%)
Year ended December 31, 2014	12.04%	(0.10%)

*According to 1993 base index.

		%
Communications network		5-25
Control and testing equipment		15-25
Vehicles		15-33
Computers and hardware		15-33
Furniture and landline communications equipment		6-33

	Year ended December 31, 2016
	NIS millions
	Cellular	Fixed-line	Reconciliation for consolidation	Consolidated	Reconciliation of subtotal Segment EBITDA to profit for the year

External revenues	2,981	1,046	-	4,027
Inter-segment revenues	17	183	(200)	-

Segment EBITDA*	625	233			858

Depreciation and amortization					(534)
Taxes on income					(10)
Financing income					46
Financing expenses					(196)
Other expenses					(8)
Share based payments					(6)

Profit for the year					150


	Year ended December 31, 2015
	NIS millions
	Cellular	Fixed-line	Reconciliation for consolidation	Consolidated	Reconciliation of subtotal Segment EBITDA to profit for the year

External revenues	3,185	995	-	4,180
Inter-segment revenues	18	186	(204)	-

Segment EBITDA*	601	271			872

Depreciation and amortization					(562)
Taxes on income					(36)
Financing income					55
Financing expenses					(232)
Other income					3
Share based payments					(3)

Profit for the year					97

	Year ended December 31, 2014
	NIS millions
	Cellular	Fixed-line	Reconciliation for consolidation	Consolidated	Reconciliation of subtotal Segment EBITDA to profit for the year

External revenues	3,554	1,016	-	4,570
Inter-segment revenues	26	195	(221)	-

Segment EBITDA*	823	459			1,282

Depreciation and amortization					(610)
Taxes on income					(110)
Financing income					100
Financing expenses					(298)
Other expenses					(7)
Share based payments					(3)

Profit for the year					354

		The Group’s ownership interest in the subsidiary for the year ended December 31
Name of subsidiary	Principal location of the subsidiary's activity	2015	2016

Netvision Ltd.	Israel	100%	100%
013 Netvision Ltd.	Israel	100%	100%

				Computers,
				furniture and
		Control and		landline
	Communications	testing		communications	Leasehold
	network	equipment	Vehicles	equipment	improvements	Total
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions
Cost

Balance at January 1, 2015	5,552	122	9	316	153	6,152

Additions	203	2	-	85	6	296
Disposals	(84)	-	(2)	(54)	(3)	(143)
Balance at December 31, 2015	5,671	124	7	347	156	6,305

Additions	189	1	-	105	6	301
Disposals	(796)	(46)	(2)	(82)	(38)	(964)
Balance at December 31, 2016	5,064	79	5	370	124	5,642

Accumulated Depreciation

Balance at January 1, 2015	3,965	81	7	170	95	4,318
Depreciation for the year	301	15	1	52	12	381
Disposals	(81)	-	(1)	(54)	(3)	(139)
Balance at December 31, 2015	4,185	96	7	168	104	4,560

Depreciation for the year	284	12	-	67	12	375
Disposals	(796)	(46)	(2)	(75)	(33)	(952)
Balance at December 31, 2016	3,673	62	5	160	83	3,983

Carrying amounts

At January 1, 2015	1,587	41	2	146	58	1,834
At December 31, 2015	1,486	28	-	179	52	1,745
At December 31, 2016	1,391	17	-	210	41	1,659

	Licenses	Information systems	Software	Goodwill	Customer relationship and other	Total
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions

Cost

Balance at January 1, 2015	532	354	77	830	347	2,140

Additions	20	57	11	-	-	88
Disposals	-	(115)	(26)	-	(23)	(164)
Balance at December 31, 2015	552	296	62	830	324	2,064

Additions	-	73	8	-	-	81
Disposals	-	(65)	(17)	-	(16)	(98)
Balance at December 31, 2016	552	304	53	830	308	2,047

Accumulated Amortization

Balance at January 1, 2015	321	157	48	-	299	825

Amortization for the year	30	74	12	-	33	149
Disposals	-	(115)	(26)	-	(23)	(164)
Balance at December 31, 2015	351	116	34	-	309	810

Amortization for the year	31	71	13	-	13	128
Disposals	-	(65)	(17)	-	(16)	(98)
Balance at December 31, 2016	382	122	30	-	306	840

Carrying amounts

At January 1, 2015	211	197	29	830	48	1,315
At December 31, 2015	201	180	28	830	15	1,254
At December 31, 2016	170	182	23	830	2	1,207

	Pre-tax discount rate	Terminal value growth rate
	2016
Fixed-line segment	10.4%	1.5%

		2016

Pre-tax discount rate		10.8%
Terminal value growth rate		1.0%


	Dismantling and restoring		Other contractual	Provision for
	sites	Litigations	obligations	warranty	Total
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions
Balance as at January 1, 2015	21	47	52	2	122
Provisions made during the year	3	27	11	-	41
Provisions reversed during the year	(4)	(20)	(7)	(2)	(33)
Balance as at January 1, 2016	20	54	56	-	130
Provisions made during the year	14	27	1	-	42
Provisions reversed during the year	(4)	(21)	(9)	-	(34)
Balance as at December 31, 2016	30	60	48	-	138

Non-current	30	-	-	-	30
Current	-	60	48	-	108
	30	60	48	-	138

				December 31, 2015		December 31, 2016
				NIS millions		NIS millions
	Currency	Nominal interest rate	Year of maturity	Face value	Carrying amount	Face value	Carrying amount

Debentures (Series B) - linked to the Israeli CPI	NIS	5.30%	until 2017	370	441	185	220
Debentures (Series D) - linked to the Israeli CPI	NIS	5.19%	until 2017	599	702	299	349
Debentures (Series E) - unlinked	NIS	6.25%	until 2017	327	327	164	164
Debentures (Series F) - linked to the Israeli CPI	NIS	4.60%	2017-2020	715	733	715	731
Debentures (Series G) - unlinked	NIS	6.99%	2017-2019	285	286	285	285
Debentures (Series H) - linked to the Israeli CPI	NIS	1.98%	2018-2024	950	801	950	824
Debentures (Series I) - unlinked	NIS	4.14%	2018-2025	558	498	804	753
Debentures (Series J) - linked to the Israeli CPI	NIS	2.45%	2021-2026	-	-	103	102
Debentures (Series K) - unlinked	NIS	3.55%	2021-2026	-	-	304	301
Loan from financial institutions	NIS	4.60%	2018-2021	-	-	200	200
Loan from bank	NIS	4.90%	2018-2022	-	-	140	140
Total interest- bearing liabilities				3,804	3,788	4,149	4,069

	Number of		Contractual	Adjusted exercise price per share as
	instruments		life of	of December 31,
Grant date/employees entitled	In thousands	Vesting conditions	options	2016

Share options granted in December 2013 to senior employees	234	Three equal installments over three years of employment	4.5 years	$14.65
Share options granted in August 2015 to senior employees	2,660	Three equal installments over three years of employment	4.5 years	NIS 25.65
Share options granted in November 2016 to senior employees	63	Three equal installments over three years of employment	4.5 years	NIS 29.97

		Weighted average		Weighted average		Weighted average
	Number of	of exercise price	Number of	of exercise price	Number of	of exercise price
	options	(US Dollars)	options	(US Dollars)	options	(US Dollars)
	2014		2015		2016

Balance as at January 1	2,965,964	10.35	638,865	15.86	2,873,190	7.40

Granted during the year	-	-	2,660,000	6.69	63,000	7.79

Forfeited during the year	(341,006)	27.01	(292,798)	19.52	(171,856)	11.43

Exercised during the year	(1,986,093)	5.72	(132,877)	5.67	-	-

Total options outstanding as at December 31	638,865	15.86	2,873,190	7.40	2,764,334	7.15

Total of exercisable options as at December 31*	445,365	17.00	170,190	15.13	1,020,000	7. 89

	Gross	Impairment	Gross	Impairment
	2015		2016
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions

Not past due	2,675	28	3,200	22
Past due less than one year	136	53	154	62
Past due more than one year	163	121	146	101
	2,974	202	3,500	185

December 31, 2016	Carrying	Contractual					More than
	amount	Cash flows	1^st year	2^nd year	3^rd year	4-5 years	5 years
	NIS millions

Debentures*	(3,815)	(4,448)	(1,014)	(657)	(577)	(847)	(1,353)
Long-term loans from financial institutions	(340)	(392)	(16)	(92)	(89)	(166)	(29)
Trade and other payables	(803)	(803)	(803)	-	-	-	-
Forward exchange contracts on CPI	(17)	(17)	(2)	(15)	-	-	-
Long-term liabilities	(13)	(13)	(2)	-	(11)	-	-
	(4,988)	(5,673)	(1,837)	(764)	(677)	(1,013)	(1,382)

	December 31, 2015			December 31, 2016
	In or linked			In or linked
	to foreign			to foreign
	currencies	Linked		currencies	Linked
	(mainly USD)	to CPI	Unlinked	(mainly USD)	to CPI	Unlinked
	NIS millions			NIS millions
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	42	-	719	12	-	1,228
Current investments, including derivatives	1	141	139	2	141	141
Trade receivables	77	-	1,177	89	-	1,236
Other receivables	-	1	5	-	-	4

Non- current assets
Long-term receivables	-	3	467	-	1	461

Current liabilities
Current maturities of debentures	-	(570)	(164)	-	(642)	(221)
Trade payables and accrued expenses	(325)	-	(352)	(182)	-	(493)
Other current liabilities, including derivatives	-	(82)	(172)	-	(49)	(167)

Non- current liabilities
Long-term loans from financial institutions	-	-	-	-	-	(340)
Debentures	-	(2,107)	(947)	-	(1,584)	(1,282)
Other non- current liabilities, including derivatives	-	(17)	(5)	(3)	(15)	(10)
	(205)	(2,631)	867	(82)	(2,148)	557

	December 31, 2016
	Currency/ linkage receivable	Currency/ linkage payable	Notional Value	Fair value
			NIS millions
Instruments not used for hedging
Forward exchange contracts on foreign currencies	USD	NIS	95	1
Forward exchange contracts on CPI	CPI	NIS	800	(17)
Foreign currency put options	NIS	USD	(95)	1

		Equity	Net income
	Change	NIS millions	NIS millions

December 31, 2016
Increase in the CPI of	2.0%	(13)	(13)
Increase in the CPI of	1.0%	(4)	(4)
Decrease in the CPI of	(1.0%)	3	3
Decrease in the CPI of	(2.0%)	6	6

December 31, 2015
Increase in the CPI of	2.0%	(16)	(16)
Increase in the CPI of	1.0%	(6)	(6)
Decrease in the CPI of	(1.0%)	4	4
Decrease in the CPI of	(2.0%)	9	9

	Carrying amount
	2015	2016
	NIS millions	NIS millions
Fixed rate instruments
Financial assets	985	845
Financial liabilities	(3,788)	(4,069)
	(2,803)	(3,224)
Variable rate instruments
Financial assets	2	500
Financial liabilities	-	-
	2	500

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2016
	Book value	Fair value	Book value	Fair value*
	NIS millions		NIS millions
Debentures including current maturities and accrued interest	(3,896)	(4,198)	(3,815)	(4,517)

	December 31, 2016
	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Current investments in debt securities	282	-	-	282
Derivatives	-	2	-	2
Total assets	282	2	-	284

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Derivatives	-	(17)	-	(17)
Total liabilities	-	(17)	-	(17)

Financial instrument		Valuation method for determining fair value

Forward contracts		Fair value measured on the basis of discounting the difference between the forward price in the contract and the current forward price for the residual period until redemption using market interest rates appropriate for similar instruments, including the adjustment required for the parties’ credit risks.

Foreign currency options		Fair value is measured based on the Black-Scholes formula.

	December 31, 2016
	Note	Gross amounts of recognized financial assets (liabilities)	Gross amounts of financial assets (liabilities) recognized and offset in the consolidated statements of financial position	Net amounts of financial assets (liabilities) presented in the consolidated statements of financial position
		NIS millions	NIS millions	NIS millions
Financial assets
Trade receivables	9	224	(159)	65

Financial liabilities
Trade payables and accrued expenses	13	(183)	159	(24)