UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 or |
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to |
Commission File Number 001-16625
BUNGE LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Bermuda (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
98-0231912 (IRS Employer Identification No.) |
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50 Main Street White Plains, New York USA (Address of principal executive offices) |
10606 (Zip Code) |
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(914) 684-2800 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |
Name of each exchange on which registered |
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Common Shares, par value $.01 per share | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act. Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large Accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer (do not check if a smaller reporting company) o Smaller reporting company o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý
The aggregate market value of registrant's common shares held by non-affiliates, based upon the closing price of our common shares on the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2007, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $10,098 million. Common shares held by executive officers and directors and persons who own 10% or more of the issued and outstanding common shares have been excluded since such persons may be deemed affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not a determination for any other purpose.
As of February 21, 2008, 121,232,891 Common Shares, par value $.01 per share were issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the proxy statement for the 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 23, 2008 are incorporated by reference into Part III.
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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements |
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PART I |
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Item 1. |
Business |
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Item 1A. |
Risk Factors |
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Item 1B. |
Unresolved Staff Comments |
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Item 2. |
Properties |
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Item 3. |
Legal Proceedings |
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Item 4. |
Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders |
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PART II |
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Item 5. |
Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
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Item 6. |
Selected Financial Data |
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Item 7. |
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
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Item 7A. |
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |
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Item 8. |
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |
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Item 9. |
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
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Item 9A. |
Controls and Procedures |
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Item 9B. |
Other Information |
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PART III |
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Item 10. |
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |
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Item 11. |
Executive Compensation |
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Item 12. |
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
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Item 13. |
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
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Item 14. |
Principal Accounting Fees and Services |
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PART IV |
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Item 15. |
Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |
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Financial Statement Schedule II |
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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
F-1 |
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SIGNATURES |
S-1 |
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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and projections about our future results, performance, prospects and opportunities. We have tried to identify these forward-looking statements by using words including "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "intend," "estimate," "continue" and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance, prospects or opportunities, as well as those of the markets we serve or intend to serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. These factors include the risks, uncertainties, trends and other factors discussed under the headings "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Item 1. BusinessBusiness Overview," "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Examples of forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical in nature, including statements regarding:
In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. Additional risks that we may currently deem immaterial or that are not presently known to us could also cause the forward-looking events discussed in this Annual Report not to occur. Except as otherwise required by applicable securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason after the date of this Annual Report.
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their companies without fear of litigation. We would like to take advantage of the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act in connection with the forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or any document incorporated by reference herein.
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References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "Bunge Limited," "Bunge," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Bunge Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise indicates.
Business Overview
We are a leading global agribusiness and food company operating in the farm-to-consumer food chain. We believe we are:
We conduct our operations in three divisions: agribusiness, fertilizer and food products. These divisions include four reportable segments: agribusiness, fertilizer, edible oil products and milling products. Our agribusiness division is an integrated business principally involved in the purchase, storage, transport, processing and sale of agricultural commodities and commodity products. Our agribusiness operations and assets are primarily located in North and South America, Europe, China and India, and we have marketing and distribution offices throughout the world.
Our fertilizer division is involved in every stage of the fertilizer business, from mining of raw materials to the sale of fertilizer products. The activities of our fertilizer division are primarily located in Brazil.
Our food products division consists of two business segments: edible oil products and milling products. These segments include businesses that produce and sell food products such as edible oils, shortenings, margarines, mayonnaise and milled products such as wheat flours and corn products. The activities of our food products division are primarily located in North America, Europe, Brazil, China and India.
History and Development of the Company
We are a limited liability company formed under the laws of Bermuda. We are registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda under registration number EC20791. We trace our history back to 1818 when we were founded as a grain trading company in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. During the second half of the 1800s, we expanded our grain operations in Europe and also entered the South American agricultural commodity market. In 1888, we entered the South American food products industry, and in 1938 we entered the fertilizer industry in Brazil. We started our U.S. operations in 1923.
Our principal executive offices and corporate headquarters are located at 50 Main Street, White Plains, New York, 10606, United States of America and our telephone number is (914) 684-2800. Our registered office is located at 2 Church Street, Hamilton, HM 11, Bermuda.
Agribusiness
Overview. Our agribusiness division is an integrated business involved in the purchase, storage, transport, processing and sale of agricultural commodities and commodity products. The principal agricultural commodities that we handle and process are grains and oilseeds, primarily soybeans, rapeseed or canola, sunflower seed, wheat and corn.
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In addition to our principal agribusiness operations in grains and oilseeds, we also participate in the sugar and sugar-based ethanol markets through our sugar origination and marketing business as well as our sugarcane mill and ethanol production facility in Brazil, which we acquired in 2007. We intend to continue to pursue acquisition and other investment opportunities in the sugar and sugar-related markets that leverage our infrastructure and risk management, logistics and other capabilities.
We also participate in the biodiesel and corn-based ethanol markets, generally as a minority investor in biofuels producers. Our Diester Industries International S.A.S. (DII) joint venture is a leading biodiesel producer in Europe with operations in Germany, Austria and Italy. We also have investments in biofuels companies in the United States, Argentina, Spain and Portugal. See "Investments and Alliances" for more information. In connection with our biofuels investments, we typically seek to negotiate arrangements to supply the raw materials used in the biofuel production processes and to market certain of the products and by-products generated by biofuel production processes.
Customers. We sell agricultural commodities and processed commodity products to domestic and export customers throughout the world. The principal purchasers of our grains and oilseeds are feed manufacturers, wheat and corn millers and other oilseed processors. The principal purchasers of our oilseed meal products are animal feed manufacturers and livestock, poultry and aquaculture producers that use these products as animal feed ingredients. As a result, our agribusiness operations benefit from global demand for meat products, primarily poultry and pork products. The principal purchasers of our crude and further processed oils are edible oil processing companies, including our own food products division. These oils are used by our customers to produce a variety of edible oil products for the foodservice, food processor and retail markets. In addition, we sell our oil products for non-food uses such as the production of biodiesel. Our sugar trading operation purchases and sells sugar globally to meet international demand for sugar. The sugar-based ethanol produced in our Brazilian facility is marketed and sold to customers to be used as transport fuel or as a fuel additive.
Distribution and Logistics. We use a variety of transportation modes to transport our products, including trucks, railcars, river barges, and ocean vessels, which we generally lease, and transportation services provided by truck lines, railroads and barge and ocean freight companies. We have made and will continue to make selective investments in port and storage facilities to better serve our customer base and improve our distribution and logistics capabilities.
Other Services and Activities. In Brazil, where there are limited third-party financing sources available to farmers, we provide financing services to farmers from whom we purchase soybeans and other agricultural commodities through prepaid commodity purchase contracts and advances, which are typically secured by the farmer's crop and a mortgage on the farmer's land and other assets. These financing arrangements typically carry local market interest rates. Our farmer financing activities are an integral part of our grain origination and oilseed processing businesses as they ensure our supply of raw materials for our Brazilian agribusiness operations. Having integrated agribusiness operations also enables us to participate in related financial activities such as engaging in trade structured finance to leverage international trade flows, providing risk management services to customers by assisting them with managing price exposure to agricultural commodities and developing private investment vehicles to invest in businesses complementary to our agribusiness operations.
Raw Materials. We purchase the grains and oilseeds used in our agribusiness operations either directly from farmers or indirectly through intermediaries. We also engage in limited sugarcane production on land adjacent to our sugarcane mill in Brazil. Although the availability and price of agricultural commodities may, in any given year, be affected by unpredictable factors, such as weather, government agricultural and energy programs and policies, changes in global demand caused by population growth and changes in standards of living and global crop production, supply historically has been adequate for our operational needs.
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Competition. Markets for our agribusiness products are highly competitive. Major competitors in our agribusiness operations are The Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM), Cargill Incorporated (Cargill), Louis Dreyfus Group, large regional companies, such as Wilmar International Limited and Noble Group Limited in Asia, and smaller agricultural cooperatives and trading companies.
Fertilizer
Overview. We are the largest producer and supplier of fertilizer to farmers in South America and a major integrated fertilizer producer in Brazil, participating in all stages of the business, from mining of phosphate-based raw materials to selling of blended fertilizers. In the Brazilian retail market, we have approximately 26% of the market share of "NPK" fertilizers. NPK refers to nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K), the main components of chemical fertilizers. In our fertilizer division, we conduct our operations through our wholly owned subsidiaries, primarily Bunge Fertilizantes S.A., and through our controlling interest in Fertilizantes Fosfatados S.A.FOSFERTIL, which we refer to as Fosfertil. Fosfertil is a publicly traded phosphate and nitrogen producer in Brazil.
Products and Services. Our fertilizer division is comprised of nutrients and retail operations. Our nutrients operations include the mining and processing of phosphate ore and the production of intermediate phosphate-based products for sale to fertilizer blenders, cooperatives and to supply our own retail fertilizer production operations. We also produce phosphate-based animal feed ingredients in this business. The primary products we produce in our nutrients operations are phosphate rock, sulfuric acid, single super phosphate, phosphoric acid and dicalcium phosphate. In addition, Fosfertil produces various nitrogen and phosphate-based fertilizers, including urea, monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and triple superphosphate. Our retail fertilizer operations consist of producing, distributing and selling blended NPK formulas and other fertilizer products directly to retailers, processing and trading companies and farmers, primarily in Brazil, as well as in Argentina and neighboring countries. These fertilizers are used for a variety of crops, including soybeans, corn, cotton, sugarcane, wheat and coffee. We market our fertilizers under the IAP, Manah, Ouro Verde and Serrana brands.
Raw Materials. The principal raw materials used in our fertilizer division are sulfur, phosphate rock and phosphate-based products in the phosphate chain, various nitrogen-based products in the nitrogen chain and various potash-based products in the potash chain. Through our phosphate mines, we were able to supply approximately 75% of our total phosphate requirements in 2007. We purchased the balance from third-party suppliers. We purchase all of the sulfur used in our fertilizer division from third-party suppliers. We use sulfur to produce sulfuric acid, and our production of sulfuric acid was sufficient to supply all of our needs in 2007. In 2007, we purchased 62% of our demand for nitrogen-based and all of our demand for potash-based products from third-party suppliers located in Brazil or internationally. In anticipation of continued growth in the Brazilian agricultural sector and the related increase in demand for fertilizer, we have in recent years expanded and are continuing to expand our production capabilities at our phosphate mines. In 2007, we announced our intention to enter into a joint venture with Office Chérifien des Phosphates, or OCP, to produce fertilizers in Morocco. The joint venture will manufacture phosphoric acid, triple superphosphate, and MAP and diammonium phosphate (DAP) for shipment to Brazil, Argentina and other markets in Latin America.
The prices of fertilizer raw materials in Brazil are determined by reference to international prices that reflect global supply and demand factors. Each of these products is readily available in the international marketplace from multiple sources.
Distribution and Logistics. Our phosphate mining operations in Brazil allow us to lower our logistics costs by reducing our use of imported raw materials. In addition, we reduce our logistics costs by back-hauling agricultural commodities from our inland commodity storage and processing locations to export points after delivery of imported fertilizer raw materials to our inland processing plants. We also seek opportunities to enhance the efficiency of our logistics network by exporting agricultural
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commodities into international markets on the ocean freight vessels that we use to deliver imported fertilizer raw materials to us.
Competition. Our main competitors in our fertilizer operations in Brazil are Copebrás, Fertipar, The Mosaic Company, Petrobras, Adubos Trevo (Yara) and Heringer.
Food Products
Overview. Our food products division consists of two business segments: edible oil products and milling products. We primarily sell our products to three customer types or market channels: food processors, foodservice companies and retail outlets. The principal raw materials we use in our food products division are various crude and further-processed oils in our edible oil products segment, and corn and wheat in our milling products segment. These raw materials are agricultural commodities that we generally produce or purchase. We seek to realize synergies between our food products division and our agribusiness operations through our raw material procurement activities, enabling us to benefit from being an integrated, global enterprise.
Edible Oil Products
Products. Our edible oil products include packaged and bulk oils, shortenings, margarine, mayonnaise and other products derived from the vegetable oil refining process. We primarily use soybean, sunflower and rapeseed or canola oil that we produce in our oilseed processing operations as raw materials in this business. We are a leading seller of packaged vegetable oils worldwide, based on sales, and we have edible oil refining and packaging facilities in North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
We sell our retail edible oil products in Brazil under a number of our own brands, including Soya, the leading packaged oil brand. We are also the market leader in the Brazilian margarine market with our brands Delicia and Primor, and our brand Bunge Pro is the top foodservice shortening brand in Brazil. In the United States, our Elite brand is one of the leading foodservice brands of edible oil products. In addition, to address customer demand in the United States, we have broadened our portfolio of edible oil products which contain no or low levels of trans-fatty acids, to include NutraClear low linolenic soybean oil, as well as palm oil and palm oil blends, and other solutions. In Europe, we are the market leader in consumer packaged vegetable oils, which are sold in various local markets under brand names including Venusz, Floriol, Kujawski, Olek, Unisol, Ideal and Oleina. In India, our primary brands include Dalda and Chambal. In 2007, we launched Douweijia, our first consumer packaged oil brand in China. In several markets, we also sell packaged edible oil products to grocery store chains for sale under their own private labels.
Distribution and Customers. Our customers include baked goods companies, snack food producers, restaurant chains, foodservice distributors and other food manufacturers who use vegetable oils and shortenings as inputs in their operations, as well as retail consumers.
Competition. In the United States, Brazil and Canada, our principal competitors in the edible oil products business include ADM, Cargill, Associated British Foods plc, Unilever and Ventura Foods, LLC. In Europe, our consumer packaged oils compete with ADM, Cargill, Unilever and with various local companies in each country.
Milling Products
Products. Our milling products include wheat flours sold in Brazil and corn products sold in North America. Our corn products consist of dry milled corn meal, flours and grits, as well as soy-fortified corn meal, corn-soy blend and other similar products. We also produce corn oil and corn feed products.
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Distribution and Customers. In Brazil, the primary customers for our wheat milling products are industrial, bakery and foodservice companies. In North America, the primary customers for our corn products are companies in the food processing sector and the U.S. government for humanitarian relief programs. Our corn products are primarily used in the ready-to-eat cereal, snack food and brewing industries. Our corn oil and feed products are sold to edible oil processors and animal feed manufacturers and users, respectively.
Competition. The wheat milling industry in Brazil is competitive, with many small regional producers. Our major competitors in Brazil are Pena Branca Alimentos, M. Dias Branco S.A. and Moinho Pacifico. Our major competitors in our North American corn products business include Cargill, Didion Milling Company, and J.R. Short Milling Co.
Risk Management
Risk management is a fundamental aspect of our business. Anticipating market developments and engaging in the hedging of risk exposure is critical to protect and maximize our return on assets. We engage in commodity price hedging to reduce the impact of volatility in the prices of the principal agricultural commodities we purchase, produce and sell. Our operations use substantial amounts of energy, including natural gas, steam and fuel oil, including bunker fuel. We engage in energy cost hedging to reduce our exposure to volatility in energy costs. We also engage in foreign currency and interest rate hedging. In addition, we enter into freight forward agreements, which may be traded over the counter or on an exchange in order to reduce our exposure to volatility in ocean freight costs. Our risk management decisions take place in various locations but exposure limits are centrally set and monitored. Commodity exposure limits are designed to consider notional exposure to price and relative price (or "basis") volatility as well as value-at-risk in any given market. For foreign exchange, interest rate, energy and transportation risk, our positions are hedged in accordance with applicable company policies. We have a centralized risk management group, headed by our chief risk officer, which oversees management of our risk exposures globally. In addition, we have a finance and risk policy committee of our board of directors that supervises and reviews our overall risk management policies and risk limits. We also periodically review our risk management policies, procedures and systems with outside consultants. See "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
Operating Segments and Geographic Areas
The following tables set forth our net sales to external customers by operating segment, net sales to external customers by geographic area and our long-lived assets by geographic area. Net sales to external customers by geographic area are determined based on the location of the subsidiary making the sale.
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Year Ended December 31, |
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Net Sales to External Customers by Operating Segment(1): | ||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 26,990 | $ | 18,909 | $ | 17,459 | ||||
Fertilizer | 3,918 | 2,602 | 2,674 | |||||||
Edible oil products | 5,597 | 3,798 | 3,385 | |||||||
Milling products | 1,337 | 965 | 859 | |||||||
Total | $ | 37,842 | $ | 26,274 | $ | 24,377 | ||||
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Year Ended December 31, |
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Net Sales to External Customers by Geographic Area: | ||||||||||
Europe | $ | 12,814 | $ | 8,914 | $ | 8,904 | ||||
United States | 8,982 | 6,331 | 6,076 | |||||||
Brazil | 8,020 | 5,603 | 5,096 | |||||||
Asia | 4,924 | 3,898 | 2,956 | |||||||
Canada | 1,131 | 1,011 | 957 | |||||||
Argentina | 1,943 | 491 | 362 | |||||||
Rest of world | 28 | 26 | 26 | |||||||
Total | $ | 37,842 | $ | 26,274 | $ | 24,377 | ||||
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Year Ended December 31, |
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Long-Lived Assets by Geographic Area(2): | ||||||||||
Brazil | $ | 2,987 | $ | 2,319 | $ | 2,035 | ||||
United States | 918 | 930 | 963 | |||||||
Europe | 1,018 | 824 | 505 | |||||||
Argentina | 193 | 146 | 137 | |||||||
Asia | 95 | | | |||||||
Rest of world | 204 | 211 | 153 | |||||||
Total | $ | 5,415 | $ | 4,430 | $ | 3,793 | ||||
Investments in Affiliates
We participate in several unconsolidated joint ventures and other investments accounted for on the equity method, the most significant of which are described below. We do not allocate equity in earnings of affiliates to our reporting segments.
We have established alliances with partners whose business activities and other capabilities complement our own, such as our alliance with E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont). Our alliance with DuPont consists in part of a joint venture, The Solae Company, which is further described below. It also includes a biotechnology agreement to jointly develop and commercialize soybeans with improved quality traits, and an alliance to develop a broader offering of services and products to farmers.
Agribusiness
Terminal 6 S.A. and Terminal 6 Industrial S.A. We have a joint venture in Argentina with Aceitera General Deheza S.A. (AGD), for the operation of the Terminal 6 port facility located in the Santa Fe province of Argentina. We are also a party to a second joint venture with AGD that operates a crushing facility located adjacent to the Terminal 6 port facility. We own 40% and 50%, respectively, of these joint ventures.
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AGRI-Bunge, LLC. We have a joint venture in the United States with AGRI Industries, an Iowa farmer-owned cooperative. The joint venture originates grain and operates Mississippi river terminals. We have 50% voting power and a 34% interest in the equity and earnings of AGRI-Bunge, LLC.
Diester Industries International S.A.S. (DII). We are a party to a joint venture with Diester Industries, a subsidiary of Sofiproteol, specializing in the production and marketing of biodiesel in Europe. We have a 40% interest in DII.
Biofuels Company of America, LLC. We are a 22% owner of this company along with Biodiesel Investment Group, LLC. The company is building a 45 million gallon per year biodiesel plant adjacent to Bunge's soybean processing plant in Danville, Illinois.
Bunge-Ergon Vicksburg, LLC. We are a 50% owner of this company along with Ergon Ethanol, Inc. The company is developing a 60 million gallon per year ethanol plant at the port of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Southwest Iowa Renewable Energy, LLC. We are a 26% owner of this company. The other owners are primarily agricultural producers located in Southwest Iowa. The company is developing a 110 million gallon per year ethanol plant near Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Renewable Energy Group, Inc. We have an 8.8% minority interest in this company. In addition to its other biodiesel management, construction and marketing activities, this company is pursuing the development of biodiesel plants near or adjacent to certain of our existing oilseed processing plants in the United States.
Ecofuel S.A. We are a 50% owner of this company along with AGD in Argentina. The company manufactures biodiesel products in the Santa Fe province of Argentina.
Biodiesel Bilbao S.A. We have a 20% minority interest in this company in Spain along with Acciona Biocombustibles S.A. This company produces and markets biofuels in Europe.
Huelva Belts SL. We are a 50% owner of this company along with Terminal Maritima de Huelva S.L. in Spain. The company constructs, operates and maintains a mechanical transport system in the port of Huelva, Spain.
Biocolza-Oleos E Farinhas de Colza S.A. We have a 40% minority interest in this company along with Tagol. This company is engaged in rapeseed oil crushing and biodiesel production in Portugal.
Fertilizer
Fosbrasil S.A. We are a party to this joint venture in Brazil, of which we own 44.25%, with Astaris Brasil Ltda. and Société Chimique Prayon-Rupel S.A. Fosbrasil S.A. operates an industrial plant in Cajati, São Paulo, Brazil that converts phosphoric acid used in animal nutrition into phosphoric acid for human consumption.
Bunge Maroc Phosphore S.A. We have a 50% interest in this joint venture, which will produce fertilizers in Morocco with OCP. We expect Bunge Maroc Phosphore, when fully operational, to expand our overall production capacity in Morocco and serve as an additional source of phosphate-based raw materials and intermediate products for our fertilizer businesses in Brazil and Argentina.
Food Products
The Solae Company. Solae is a joint venture with DuPont. Solae is engaged in the global production and distribution of specialty food ingredients, including soy proteins and lecithins. We have a 28.06% interest in Solae.
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Saipol S.A.S. Saipol is a joint venture with Sofiproteol, the financial arm of the French oilseed farmers' association. Saipol is engaged in oilseed processing and the sale of branded packaged vegetable oils in France. We have a 33.34% interest in Saipol.
Harinera La Espiga, S.A. de C.V. We are a party to this joint venture in Mexico with Grupo Neva, S.A. de C.V. and Cerrollera, S.A. de C.V. The joint venture has wheat milling and bakery dry mix operations in Mexico. We have a 31.5% interest in the joint venture.
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
Our research and development activities are focused on developing products and optimizing techniques that will drive growth or otherwise add value to our core business lines.
In our food products division, we have research and development centers located in the United States, Brazil and Hungary to develop and enhance technology and processes associated with food product development.
Our total research and development expenses were $34 million in 2007, $22 million in 2006 and $18 million in 2005. As of December 31, 2007, our research and development organization consisted of approximately 133 employees worldwide.
We own trademarks on the majority of the brands we produce in our food products and fertilizer divisions. We typically obtain long-term licenses for the remainder. We have patents covering some of our products and manufacturing processes. However, we do not consider any of these patents to be material to our business.
We believe we have taken appropriate steps to be the owner of or to be entitled to use all intellectual property rights necessary to carry out our business.
Seasonality
In our agribusiness division, while there is a degree of seasonality in the growing season and procurement of our principal raw materials, such as oilseeds and grains, we typically do not experience material fluctuations in volume between the first and second half of the year since we are geographically diversified between the northern and southern hemispheres, and we sell and distribute products throughout the year. However, the first fiscal quarter of a year is typically our weakest quarter in terms of financial results due to the timing of the North and South American oilseed harvests, since the North American harvest is completed in the fourth fiscal quarter and the South American harvest is completed in the second fiscal quarter. As a result, our oilseed processing activities are generally at their lowest levels during the first fiscal quarter. Additionally, price variations and availability of agricultural commodities may cause fluctuations in our receivables, inventories, and short-term borrowings over the course of a given year. For example, increased availability of agricultural commodities at harvest times often causes fluctuations in our inventories and borrowings. Additionally, increases in agricultural commodity prices will generally cause our working capital levels to increase.
In our fertilizer division, we are subject to seasonal trends based on the agricultural growing cycle in Brazil. As a result, our fertilizer sales are typically higher in the third and fourth quarters of each year.
In our food products division, there are no significant seasonal effects on our business.
Government Regulation
We are subject to a variety of laws in each of the countries in which we operate which govern various aspects of our business, including storage, processing and distribution of our agricultural commodity products, food processing, handling and storage, mining and port operations and environmental matters, including the regulation of genetically modified organisms. To operate our facilities, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, licenses and approvals from governmental
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agencies. In addition, our facilities are subject to periodic inspection by governmental agencies in each of the countries in which we do business. Certain new regulations that had or are expected to have an impact on our industry are outlined below. In addition, agricultural commodity prices, such as prices for soybeans, vegetable oils, corn and wheat, rose significantly in 2007 as a result of grain production shortfalls in certain regions and growing demand for feed, food and fuel uses. These conditions have led certain governments to impose price controls, export restrictions and other measures designed to mitigate these price increases in their domestic markets. Such regulations could have a significant adverse effect on our business in the future.
Trans-Fatty Acids Labeling Requirements and Restrictions. Certain of our soybean oil products that are sold in the United States contain trans-fatty acids as a result of being partially hydrogenated for use in processed and packaged foods to extend shelf-life and stabilize flavor. In 2006, U.S. Food and Drug Administration labeling rules took effect which require food processors to disclose levels of trans-fatty acids contained in their products. In addition, various local governments in the United States are considering, and some have enacted, restrictions on the use of trans-fats in restaurants. Several of our food processor, foodservice and other customers have either switched or indicated an intention to switch to edible oil products with lower levels of trans-fatty acids. As a result, we have broadened and are continuing to develop our portfolio of low, reduced and trans-fat free edible oil product offerings for our customers.
Biofuels Legislation. In recent years, there has been increased interest throughout the world in the production of biofuels. Biofuels convert crops, such as sugarcane, corn, soybeans, palm oil, rapeseed or canola, and other oilseeds, into ethanol or biodiesel to extend, enhance or substitute for fossil fuels. Production of biofuels has been increasing significantly in response to high fossil fuel prices coupled with government incentives for the production of biofuels that are being offered in many countries, including the United States, Brazil, Argentina and many European countries. Furthermore, in certain countries, governmental authorities are mandating biofuels use in vehicles at specified levels. As such, the markets for agricultural commodities used in the production of biofuels are becoming increasingly affected by the growth of the biofuel industry and related legislation.
Competitive Position
Markets for most of our products are highly price competitive and sensitive to product substitution. Please see the "Competition" section contained in the discussion of each of our operating segments above for a list of the primary competitors in each segment.
Environmental Matters
We are subject to various environmental protection and occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate. Our operations may emit or release certain substances, which may be regulated or limited by applicable laws and regulations. In addition, we handle and dispose of materials and wastes classified as hazardous or toxic by one or more regulatory agencies in our business. Handling hazardous or toxic materials and wastes is often subject to regulations and we incur costs to comply with health, safety and environmental regulations applicable to those activities. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations did not materially affect our capital expenditures or earnings in 2007, and, based on current laws and regulations, we do not expect that they will do so in 2008.
Employees
As of December 31, 2007, we had 23,889 employees. Many of our employees are represented by labor unions, and their employment is governed by collective bargaining agreements. In general, we consider our employee relations to be good.
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Risks of Foreign Operations
We are a global business with substantial assets located outside of the United States from which we derive a significant portion of our revenue. Our operations in South America and Europe are a fundamental part of our business. In addition, a key part of our strategy involves expanding our business in several emerging markets, including Eastern Europe and Asia. Volatile economic, political and market conditions in these and other emerging market countries may have a negative impact on our operating results and our ability to achieve our business strategies. For additional information, see the discussion under "Item 1A. Risk Factors."
Insurance
In each country where we conduct business, the businesses and assets are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. Bunge insures its businesses and assets in each country in a manner that it deems appropriate, based on an analysis of the relative risks and costs. As a result of our geographic dispersion, we believe that a loss from non-insured events in any one country would not have a material adverse effect on our operations as a whole.
Available Information
Our website address is www.bunge.com. Through the "About BungeInvestor InformationSEC Filings" section of our website, it is possible to access our periodic report filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports. These reports are made available free of charge. Also, filings made pursuant to Section 16 of the Exchange Act with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and other reporting persons with respect to our common shares are made available, free of charge, through our website. Our periodic reports and amendments and the Section 16 filings are available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such report, amendment or filing is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
Through the "About BungeInvestor InformationCorporate Governance" section of our website, it is possible to access copies of the charters for our audit committee, compensation committee, finance and risk policy committee and corporate governance and nominations committee. Our corporate governance guidelines and our code of ethics are also available in this section of our website. Each of these documents is made available, free of charge, through our website and in print from us upon request.
The foregoing information regarding our website and its content is for your convenience only. The information contained on or connected to our website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference in this report or filed with the SEC.
In addition, you may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically. The SEC website address is www.sec.gov.
Bunge's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have provided certifications to the SEC as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. These certifications are included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As required by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), on June 23, 2007, our Chief Executive Officer submitted his certification to the NYSE that stated he was not aware of any violation of the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.
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Executive Officers and Key Employees of the Company
Set forth below is certain information concerning the executive officers and key employees of the Company.
Name |
Positions |
|
---|---|---|
Alberto Weisser | Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer | |
Andrew J. Burke | Co-CEO, Bunge Global Agribusiness | |
Jacqualyn A. Fouse | Chief Financial Officer | |
Archibald Gwathmey | Co-CEO, Bunge Global Agribusiness | |
João Fernando Kfouri | Managing Director, Food Products Division, Bunge Limited | |
Flávio Sá Carvalho | Chief Personnel Officer | |
Mario A. Barbosa Neto | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge Fertilizantes S.A. | |
Jean Louis Gourbin | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge Europe | |
Carl L. Hausmann | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge North America, Inc. | |
Raul Padilla | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge Argentina S.A. | |
Sergio Roberto Waldrich | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge Alimentos S.A. | |
Christopher White | Chief Executive Officer, Bunge Asia |
Alberto Weisser, 52. Mr. Weisser is the Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Weisser has been with Bunge since July 1993. He has been a member of our board of directors since 1995, was appointed our Chief Executive Officer in January 1999 and became Chairman of the Board of Directors in July 1999. Prior to that, Mr. Weisser held the position of Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Bunge, Mr. Weisser worked for the BASF Group in various finance-related positions for 15 years. Mr. Weisser is also a member of the board of directors of International Paper Company and a member of the North American Agribusiness Advisory Board of Rabobank. Mr. Weisser has a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from the University of São Paulo, Brazil and has participated in several post graduate programs at Harvard Business School. He has also attended INSEAD's Management Development Program in France.
Andrew J. Burke, 52. Mr. Burke has been Co-CEO, Bunge Global Agribusiness since November 2006. Mr. Burke joined Bunge in January 2002 as Managing Director, Soy Ingredients and New Business Development and later served as Managing Director, New Business. Mr. Burke also served as our interim Chief Financial Officer from April to July 2007. Prior to joining Bunge, Mr. Burke served as Chief Executive Officer of the U.S. subsidiary of Degussa AG. He joined Degussa in 1983, where he held a variety of finance and marketing positions, including Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of the U.S. chemical group. Prior to joining Degussa, Mr. Burke worked for Beecham Pharmaceuticals and was an auditor with Price Waterhouse & Company. Mr. Burke is a graduate of Villanova University and earned an M.B.A. from Manhattan College.
Jacqualyn A. Fouse, 46. Ms. Fouse has been our Chief Financial Officer since July 2007. Prior to joining Bunge, Ms. Fouse served as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Strategy at Alcon Laboratories, Inc. since 2006, and as its Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2002. Ms. Fouse served as Chief Financial Officer from 2001 to 2002 at SAirGroup. Previously, Ms. Fouse held a variety of senior finance positions at Alcon and its majority owner Nestlé S.A. Ms. Fouse worked at Nestlé from 1993 to 2001, including serving as Group Treasurer of Nestlé from 1999 to 2001. Ms. Fouse worked at Alcon from 1986 to 1993 and held several positions, including Manager Corporate Investments and Domestic Finance. Earlier in her career, she worked at Celanese Chemical and LTV Aerospace and Defense. Ms. Fouse earned a B.A. and an M.A. in Economics from the University of Texas at Arlington.
Archibald Gwathmey, 56. Mr. Gwathmey has been Co-CEO, Bunge Global Agribusiness since November 2006. Prior to that, he served as the Managing Director of our agribusiness division since
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December 2002 and Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Global Markets, Inc., our former international marketing division, since 1999. Mr. Gwathmey joined Bunge in 1975 as a trainee and has over 30 years of experience in commodities trading and oilseed processing. During his career with Bunge, he has served as head of the U.S. grain division and head of the U.S. oilseed processing division. Mr. Gwathmey graduated from Harvard College with a B.A. in Classics and English. He has also served as a Director of the National Oilseed Processors Association.
João Fernando Kfouri, 69. Mr. Kfouri has been the Managing Director of our food products division since May 2001. Prior to that, Mr. Kfouri was employed for 18 years with Joseph E. Seagram and Sons Ltd., most recently as President of the Americas division, with responsibility for North and South American operations. Prior to that, Mr. Kfouri worked for General Foods Corp., where he served in numerous capacities, including General Manager of Venezuelan operations. Mr. Kfouri received a degree in Business from the São Paulo School of Business Administration of the Getulio Vargas Foundation.
Flávio Sá Carvalho, 64. Mr. Sá Carvalho has been our Chief Personnel Officer since 1998. Prior to joining Bunge, he served as Vice President of Human Resources at Aetna International, Inc. since 1994. Prior to that, he was with Bank of America for 12 years in multiple capacities, including Director of Human Resources for their Latin American operations, International Compensation and Benefits, Corporate Staffing and Planning and Vice President of International Human Resources. Mr. Sá Carvalho studied Mass Communications in Brazil and holds an M.S. in Education Research and Development from Florida State University. Mr. Carvalho will be retiring from his position as Chief Personnel Officer effective February 29, 2008.
Mario A. Barbosa Neto, 61. Mr. Barbosa Neto has been the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Fertilizantes S.A., our Brazilian fertilizer subsidiary, since 1996 with the formation of Fertilizantes Serrana S.A., the predecessor company of Bunge Fertilizantes S.A. Mr. Barbosa Neto has over 30 years of experience in the Brazilian fertilizer industry. Prior to joining Serrana, he served as superintendent of Fosfertil from 1992 to 1996 and was the Chief Financial Officer of Manah S.A. from 1980 to 1992. Mr. Barbosa Neto has a B.S. in Engineering from the University of São Paulo and an M.B.A. from the Getulio Vargas Foundation. Mr. Barbosa Neto is Vice President of the International Fertilizer Association.
Jean Louis Gourbin, 60. Mr. Gourbin has been the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Europe since January 2004. Prior to that, Mr. Gourbin was with the Danone Group, where he served as Executive Vice President of Danone and President of its Biscuits and Cereal Products division since 1999. Before joining the Danone Group, Mr. Gourbin worked for more than 15 years with the Kellogg Company, where he last occupied the positions of President of Kellogg Europe and Executive Vice President of Kellogg. He has also held positions at Ralston Purina and Corn Products Company. Mr. Gourbin holds both a Bachelor's and a Master's degree in Economics from the Sorbonne.
Carl L. Hausmann, 61. Mr. Hausmann has been the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge North America, Inc. since January 2004. Prior to that, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Europe since October 2002. Prior to that, he was the Chief Executive Officer of Cereol S.A., which was acquired by Bunge in October 2002. Mr. Hausmann was Chief Executive Officer of Cereol since its inception in July 2001. Prior to that, Cereol was a 100%-owned subsidiary of Eridania Beghin-Say. Mr. Hausmann worked in various capacities for Eridania Beghin-Say beginning in 1992. From 1978 to 1992, he worked for Continental Grain Company. He has served as Director of the National Oilseed Processors Association and as the President and Director of Fediol, the European Oilseed Processors Association. Mr. Hausmann has a B.S. degree from Boston College and an M.B.A. from INSEAD.
Raul Padilla, 52. Mr. Padilla is the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Argentina S.A., our oilseed processing and grain origination subsidiary in Argentina. He joined the company in 1991, becoming
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Chief Executive Officer and Commercial Director in 1999. Mr. Padilla has approximately 30 years of experience in the oilseed processing and grain handling industries in Argentina, beginning his career with La Plata Cereal in 1977. He serves as President of the Argentine National Oilseed Crushers Association, Vice President of the International Association of Seed Crushers and is a Director of the Buenos Aires Cereal Exchange and the Rosario Futures Exchange. Mr. Padilla is a graduate of the University of Buenos Aires.
Sergio Roberto Waldrich, 50. Mr. Waldrich has been the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Alimentos S.A., our Brazilian agribusiness and food products subsidiary, since 2002. Prior to becoming the Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Alimentos, Mr. Waldrich was President of the Ceval Division of Bunge Alimentos for two years. He joined Ceval Alimentos, which was acquired by Bunge in 1997, as a trainee in 1972. Mr. Waldrich worked in various positions over his career with the company, eventually serving as head of the poultry division. When the poultry division was spun off by Bunge into a separate company, Mr. Waldrich was named Vice President and General Manager of that company. He rejoined Ceval Alimentos in August 2000. Mr. Waldrich has a degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Blumenau and an M.B.A. from the University of Florianópolis. Mr. Waldrich is the former President of the Brazilian Pork Industry Association and the Brazilian Pork Export Association.
Christopher White, 55. Mr. White has served as Chief Executive Officer of Bunge Asia since 2006. He joined Bunge as Regional General Manager Asia in March 2003. Over a previous 20-year career with Bristol Myers Squibb, Mr. White served in various capacities, including President of Mead Johnson Nutritionals Worldwide, President of Mead Johnson Nutritionals and Bristol Myers Consumer Products Asia, and Vice President of Finance and Strategy of Mead Johnson. Mr. White is a graduate of Yale University.
Vicente C. Teixeira, 55. Mr. Teixeira will assume the role of Chief Personnel Officer, effective February 29, 2008. Mr. Teixeira has served as director of human resources for Latin America at Dow Chemical and Dow Agrosciences in Brazil since 2001. He joined Dow from Union Carbide, where he served as director of human resources and administration for Latin America and South Africa, starting in 1995. Previously, he had worked at Citibank in Brazil for 21 years, where he ultimately served as human resources vice president for Brazil. Mr. Teixeira has an undergraduate degree in Business Communication and Publicity from Faculdade Integrada Alcantara Machado (FMU/FIAM), a Master of Business Administration from Faculdade Tancredo Neves and an Executive MBA from PDG/EXEC (now IBMEC) in Brazil.
Risk Factors
Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of the risks and uncertainties described below. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our financial condition and business operations. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industries
The availability, demand for and price of agricultural commodities and agricultural commodity products can be affected by weather, disease and other factors beyond our control.
Weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the agricultural commodity industry and consequently in our operating results by causing crop failures or significantly reduced harvests, which can adversely affect the supply and pricing of the agricultural commodities that we sell and use in our business, reduce the demand for our fertilizer products and negatively affect the creditworthiness of our customers and suppliers. The availability and price of agricultural commodities are also subject to other
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unpredictable factors, such as plantings, government farm programs and policies, demand from the biofuels industry, price volatility as a result of increased participation by non-commercial market participants in commodity markets and changes in global demand resulting from population growth and changes in standards of living. In addition, the supply and price of agricultural commodities can be affected by factors such as plant disease, including Asian soybean rust, which has in recent years affected soybean crops in Brazil and the United States. Demand for our products can also be adversely affected by the outbreak of disease in livestock and poultry, as further described below under "We are subject to food and feed industry risks." These factors may cause volatility in the agricultural commodity industry and, consequently, in our operating results.
We are vulnerable to industry cyclicality and increases in raw material prices.
In the oilseed processing industry, the lead time required to build an oilseed processing plant can make it difficult to time capacity additions with market demand for oilseed products such as meal and oil. When additional processing capacity becomes operational, a temporary imbalance between the supply and demand for oilseed processing capacity might exist, which, until the supply/demand balance is restored, negatively impacts oilseed processing margins. Oilseed processing margins will continue to fluctuate following industry cycles, which could negatively impact our profitability. This is also the case for the fertilizer industry, as availability of raw materials and production capacity may not always be aligned with market demand.
Our food products and fertilizer divisions may also be adversely affected by increases in the prices of agricultural commodities and fertilizer raw materials that are caused by market fluctuations beyond our control. As a result of competitive conditions in our food products businesses, we may not be able to recoup increases in the cost of raw materials through increases in sales prices for our products, which would adversely affect our profitability. Increases in fertilizer prices due to higher raw material costs could adversely affect demand for our products.
We are subject to economic and political instability and other risks of doing business globally and in emerging markets.
We are a global business with substantial assets located outside of the United States from which we derive a significant portion of our revenue. Our operations in South America and Europe are a fundamental part of our business. In addition, a key part of our strategy involves expanding our business in several emerging markets, including Eastern Europe and Asia. Volatile economic, political and market conditions in these and other emerging market countries may have a negative impact on our operating results and our ability to achieve our business strategies.
We are exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations because a significant portion of our net sales and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies, particularly the Brazilian real, the Argentine peso and the euro, affect our expenses that are denominated in local currencies, affect farm economics in those markets and may have a negative impact on the value of our assets located outside of the United States.
We are also exposed to other risks of international operations, including:
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The occurrence of any of these events in the markets where we operate or in other markets where we plan to expand or develop our business could jeopardize or limit our ability to transact business in those markets and could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
Government policies and regulations affecting the agricultural sector and related industries could adversely affect our operations and profitability.
Agricultural production and trade flows are significantly affected by government policies and regulations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, can influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops versus other uses of agricultural resources, the location and size of crop production, whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded and the volume and types of imports and exports. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect agricultural commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions. Future government policies may adversely affect the supply, demand for and prices of our products, restrict our ability to do business in our existing and target markets and could cause our financial results to suffer.
The expansion of our business through acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances poses risks that may reduce the benefits we anticipate from these transactions.
We have been an active acquirer of other companies, and we have strategic alliances and joint ventures with several partners. Part of our strategy involves acquisitions, alliances and joint ventures designed to expand and enhance our business. Our ability to benefit from acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances depends on many factors, including our ability to identify acquisition or alliance prospects, access capital markets at an acceptable cost of capital, negotiate favorable transaction terms and successfully integrate any businesses we acquire.
Integrating businesses we acquire into our operational framework may involve unanticipated delays, costs and other operational problems. If we encounter unexpected problems with one of our acquisitions or alliances, our senior management may be required to divert attention away from other aspects of our businesses to address these problems.
Acquisitions also pose the risk that we may be exposed to successor liability relating to actions by an acquired company and its management before the acquisition. The due diligence we conduct in connection with an acquisition, and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from the sellers of acquired companies, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. A material liability associated with an acquisition could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations and reduce the benefits of the acquisition.
We are subject to food and feed industry risks.
We are subject to food and feed industry risks which include, but are not limited to, product spoilage or contamination, government regulation of the food and feed industry, including processing and labeling regulations, shifting customer and consumer preferences and concerns, including concerns
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regarding trans-fatty acids and, as further discussed below, genetically modified organisms as well as other environmental concerns, and potential product liability claims. These matters could adversely affect our business and operating results.
The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and animal feed has been met with varying acceptance in the different markets in which we operate. In some of the markets where we sell our products, most significantly the European Union and Brazil, government regulations limit sales or require labeling of GMO products. We may inadvertently deliver products that contain GMOs to customers that request GMO-free products. As a result, we could lose customers, incur liability and damage our reputation. In addition, in certain countries we have been or may be subject to claims or other actions relating to the alleged infringement of intellectual property rights associated with our handling of genetically modified agricultural commodities, which could result in increased costs for our business.
In addition, certain of our products are used as, or as ingredients in, livestock and poultry feed, and as such, we are subject to demand risks associated with the outbreak of disease in livestock and poultry, including, but not limited to, avian influenza. The outbreak of disease could adversely affect demand for our products used in livestock and poultry feed. A decrease in demand for these products could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
We face intense competition in each of our divisions.
We face significant competition in each of our divisions. We have numerous competitors, some of which may be larger and have greater financial resources than we have. In addition, we face significant competitive challenges outlined below.
Agribusiness. The markets for our products are highly price competitive and are sensitive to product substitution. We compete against large multinational, regional and national suppliers, processors and distributors and farm cooperatives. Competition is based on price, product and service offerings and geographic location.
Fertilizer. The Brazilian fertilizer industry is highly competitive. Competition is based largely on price, quality and service, including customer financing. The relative cost and availability of raw materials, including through the development and exploitation of mines and the efficiency of production facilities and logistics are also important competitive factors.
Food Products. The markets for our food products are highly competitive. Our products compete with widely advertised, well-known, branded products, as well as private label and customized products. In addition to price, competition is generally based on product quality, new product introductions, composition and nutritional value, advertising and promotion. In addition, in our edible oil products segment, consolidation in the supermarket industry has resulted in our retail customers demanding lower prices and reducing the number of suppliers with which they do business. Some of the markets in which our food products division operates are also mature markets with slower growth rates. To compete effectively in our food products division, we must establish and maintain favorable brand recognition, efficiently manage distribution, gain sufficient market share, develop products sought by consumers and other customers, implement appropriate pricing, provide marketing support and obtain access to retail outlets and sufficient shelf space for our retail products. Competition could cause us to lose market share, exit certain lines of business, increase expenditures or reduce pricing, each of which could have an adverse effect on our revenues and profitability.
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We are subject to environmental regulation in numerous jurisdictions and may be exposed to liability as a result of our handling of hazardous materials and commodity storage operations.
Our operations are regulated by environmental laws and regulations in the countries where we operate, including those governing the labeling, use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous materials. These laws and regulations require us to implement procedures for the handling of hazardous materials and for operating in potentially hazardous conditions, and they impose liability on us for the cleanup of any environmental contamination. In addition to liabilities arising out of our current and future operations for which we have ongoing processes to manage compliance with environmental obligations, we may be subject to liabilities for past operations at current facilities and in some cases to liabilities for past operations by us at facilities that we no longer own or operate. We may also be subject to liabilities for operations of acquired companies. In addition, the storage and processing of our products may create hazardous conditions. For example, we use hexane in our oilseed processing operations, and hexane can cause explosions that could harm our employees or damage our facilities. Our agricultural commodity storage operations also create dust that has caused explosions in our grain elevators. We may incur material costs or liabilities to comply with environmental requirements. In addition, changes in environmental requirements or an unanticipated significant adverse environmental event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Item 1. BusinessGovernment Regulation" and "Item 1. BusinessEnvironmental Matters."
We advance significant capital and provide other financing arrangements to farmers in Brazil and, as a result, our business and financial results may be adversely affected if these farmers are unable to repay the capital we have advanced to them.
In Brazil, where there are limited third-party financing sources available to farmers, we provide financing services to farmers from whom we purchase soybeans and other agricultural commodities through prepaid commodity purchase contracts and advances, which are typically secured by the farmer's crop and a mortgage on the farmer's land and other assets. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, we had approximately $1,163 million and $866 million in outstanding prepaid commodity purchase contracts and advances to farmers, respectively. We are exposed to the risk that the underlying crop will be insufficient to satisfy a farmer's obligation under the financing arrangements as a result of weather and crop growing conditions, and other factors that influence the price, supply and demand for agricultural commodities. In addition, any collateral held by us as part of these financing transactions may not be sufficient to fully protect us from loss.
We also sell fertilizer on credit to farmers in Brazil. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, our total fertilizer segment accounts receivable were $857 million and $746 million, respectively. During 2007, approximately 49% of our fertilizer sales were made on credit. Furthermore, in connection with our fertilizer sales, we issue guarantees to a financial institution in Brazil related to amounts owed the institution by certain of our farmer customers. For additional information on our guarantees, see Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the event that the customers default on their obligations to either us or the financial institution under these financing arrangements, we would be required to recognize the associated bad debt expense or perform under the guarantees, as the case may be. Significant defaults by farmers under these financial arrangements could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are a capital intensive business and depend on cash provided by our operations as well as access to external financing to operate and expand our business.
We require significant amounts of capital to operate our business and fund capital expenditures. Our working capital needs are directly affected by the price of agricultural commodities, and our total debt increased $1,063 million at December 31, 2007 compared to December 31, 2006 due primarily to
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higher global agricultural commodity prices during the year. We are also required to make substantial capital expenditures to maintain, upgrade and expand our extensive network of storage facilities, processing plants, refineries, mills, mines, ports, transportation assets and other facilities to keep pace with competitive developments, technological advances and changing safety standards in our industry. Furthermore, the expansion of our business and pursuit of acquisitions or other business opportunities may require us to have access to significant amounts of capital. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient external financing on attractive terms to fund these activities, we may not be able to achieve our desired operating efficiencies and expansion plans, which may adversely impact our competitiveness and, therefore, our results of operations. In addition, significant unbudgeted increases in our capital expenditures could adversely affect us.
As of December 31, 2007, we had $4,547 million in total indebtedness. Our indebtedness could limit our ability to obtain additional financing, limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the markets in which we compete, place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less leveraged than we are and require us to dedicate more cash on a relative basis to servicing our debt and less to developing our business. This may limit our ability to run our business and use our resources in the manner in which we would like.
Our debt agreements do not have any credit ratings downgrade triggers that would accelerate the maturity of our debt. However, credit rating downgrades would increase our borrowing costs under our credit facilities and, depending on their severity, could affect our ability to renew existing or to obtain new credit facilities or access the capital markets in the future on favorable terms. We may also be required to post collateral or provide third-party credit support under certain agreements as a result of such downgrades. A significant increase in our borrowing costs could impair our ability to compete effectively in our business relative to competitors with lower amounts of indebtedness and/or higher credit ratings.
Our risk management strategies may not be effective.
Our business is affected by fluctuations in agricultural commodity prices, transportation costs, energy prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We engage in hedging transactions to manage these risks. However, our hedging strategies may not be successful in minimizing our exposure to these fluctuations. In addition, our control procedures and risk management policies may not successfully prevent our traders from entering into unauthorized transactions that have the potential to impair our financial position. See "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
We reported two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which if not remedied, could continue to adversely affect our internal controls and financial reporting and could lead to materially inaccurate financial reports.
In connection with our management's assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as described in "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures."
Although we believe we are taking the steps necessary to remediate the material weaknesses, we cannot assure you that the processes, procedures and controls we implement will result in full remediation of the material weaknesses. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls or to remediate the material weaknesses, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could result in material misstatements in our financial statements or cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations. The occurrence of these events could in turn potentially negatively impact our stock price.
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Risks Relating to Our Common Shares
We are a Bermuda company, and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us and our directors and executive officers.
We are a Bermuda exempted company. As a result, the rights of holders of our common shares will be governed by Bermuda law and our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies or corporations incorporated in other jurisdictions. Most of our directors and some of our officers are not residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of those directors and officers are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process on those persons in the United States or to enforce in the U.S. judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. It is doubtful whether courts in Bermuda will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the United States, against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions or entertain actions in Bermuda against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of other jurisdictions.
Our bye-laws restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our officers and directors.
Our bye-laws contain a broad waiver by our shareholders of any claim or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, against any of our officers or directors. The waiver applies to any action taken by an officer or director, or the failure of an officer or director to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any fraud or dishonesty on the part of the officer or director. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act, or failure to act, involves fraud or dishonesty.
We have anti-takeover provisions in our bye-laws that may discourage a change of control.
Our bye-laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions provide for:
These provisions, as well as any additional anti-takeover measures our board could adopt in the future, could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if the third-party's offer may be considered beneficial by many shareholders. As a result, shareholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares.
We may become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors.
Adverse U.S. federal income tax rules apply to U.S. investors owning shares of a "passive foreign investment company," or PFIC, directly or indirectly. We will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal
20
income tax purposes if 50% or more of our assets, including goodwill (based on an annual quarterly average), are passive assets, or 75% or more of our annual gross income is derived from passive assets. The calculation of goodwill will be based, in part, on the then market value of our common shares, which is subject to change. Based on certain estimates of our gross income and gross assets available as of December 31, 2007 and relying on certain exceptions in the applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, we do not believe that we are currently a PFIC. Such a characterization could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors in our common shares. In particular, absent an election described below, a U.S. investor would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at ordinary income tax rates, plus a possible interest charge, in respect of gain derived from a disposition of our common shares, as well as certain distributions by us. In addition, a step-up in the tax basis of our common shares would not be available upon the death of an individual shareholder, and the preferential U.S. federal income tax rates generally applicable to dividends on our common shares held by certain U.S. investors would not apply. Since PFIC status is determined on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the nature of our activities from time to time, we cannot assure you that we will not be considered a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, U.S. investors may desire to make an election to treat us as a "qualified electing fund" with respect to shares owned (a QEF election), in which case U.S. investors will be required to take into account a pro rata share of our earnings and net capital gain for each year, regardless of whether we make any distributions. As an alternative to the QEF election, a U.S. investor may be able to make an election to "mark to market" our common shares each taxable year and recognize ordinary income pursuant to such election based upon increases in the value of our common shares.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
The following tables provide information on our principal operating facilities as of December 31, 2007.
Facilities by Division
|
Aggregate Production Capacity |
Aggregate Storage Capacity |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(metric tons) |
|||
Division | ||||
Agribusiness | 134,280 | 17,334,541 | ||
Fertilizer | 161,958 | 3,347,017 | ||
Food Products | 34,061 | 880,992 |
Facilities by Geographic Region
|
Aggregate Production Capacity |
Aggregate Storage Capacity |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(metric tons) |
|||
Region | ||||
North America | 63,541 | 7,054,611 | ||
South America | 220,457 | 12,187,224 | ||
Europe | 39,250 | 1,852,027 | ||
Asia | 7,050 | 138,389 |
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In addition, we have operations in various ports either directly or through alliances and joint ventures. Our corporate headquarters in White Plains, New York, occupy approximately 35,000 square feet of space under a lease that expires in February 2013. We also lease other office space for our operations worldwide.
We believe that our facilities are adequate to address our operational requirements.
Agribusiness
In our agribusiness operations, we have approximately 302 grain storage facilities that are located close to agricultural production areas and export locations. We also have approximately 56 oilseed processing plants and approximately 47 marketing and distribution offices throughout the world.
Fertilizer
In our fertilizer division, we currently operate four phosphate mines in Brazil. In addition to our phosphate mines, we also operate approximately 44 processing plants that are strategically located in the key fertilizer consumption regions of Brazil, thereby reducing transportation costs to deliver our products to our customers. Our mines are operated under concessions from the Brazilian government. The following table sets forth information about the phosphate production of our mines:
|
Annual Phosphate Production for the Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
Estimated Years of Reserves Remaining |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name |
(millions of metric tons) |
||||
Araxá | 0.704 | 20 | (1) | ||
Cajati | 0.598 | 16 | (1) | ||
Catalão(2) | 1.560 | 31 | |||
Tapira(2) | 2.074 | 53 |
In addition to the mines listed above, we also have interests in three additional phosphate mines, Salitre, Anitápolis and Araxá CBMM, with proven reserves where production has not yet commenced. Our interest in Anitápolis is through an unconsolidated joint venture. The production capacity for the Salitre, Anitápolis and Araxá CBMM mines is estimated to be approximately 1 million, 300,000 and 500,000 metric tons of phosphate per year, respectively. At this production level, the number of years until depletion of the phosphate reserves is expected to be 96 years for Salitre, 14 years for Anitápolis and 19 years for Araxá CBMM.
Food Products
In our food products operations, we have approximately 57 refining, packaging and milling facilities dedicated to our food products operations throughout the world.
22
We are party to various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. Although we cannot accurately predict the amount of any liability that may arise with respect to any of these matters, we do not expect any proceeding, if determined adversely to us, to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Although we vigorously defend all claims, we make provision for potential liabilities when we deem them probable and reasonably estimable. These provisions are based on current information and legal advice and are adjusted from time to time according to developments.
Our Brazilian subsidiaries are subject to numerous pending tax claims by Brazilian federal, state and local tax authorities. We have reserved $171 million as of December 31, 2007 in respect of these claims. The Brazilian tax claims relate to income tax claims, value added tax claims and sales tax claims. The determination of the manner in which various Brazilian federal, state and municipal taxes apply to our operations is subject to varying interpretations arising from the complex nature of Brazilian tax laws and changes in those laws. In addition, we have numerous claims pending against Brazilian federal, state and local tax authorities to recover taxes previously paid by us. We do not expect the outcome of any of these proceedings, net of established reserves, to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
We are also a party to a number of labor claims relating to our Brazilian operations. We have reserved $96 million as of December 31, 2007 in respect of these claims. The labor claims primarily relate to dismissals, severance, health and safety, salary adjustments and supplementary retirement benefits. We do not expect the outcome of any of these proceedings, net of established reserves, to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
In December 2006, Fosfertil announced a corporate reorganization intended to allow it to capture synergies and better compete in the domestic and international fertilizer market. As part of the proposed reorganization, Bunge Fertilizantes would become a subsidiary of Fosfertil, and our combined direct and indirect ownership of Fosfertil would increase. The reorganization is subject to approval by Fosfertil's shareholders, and an indirect minority shareholder of Fosfertil has filed a legal challenge to the proposed reorganization in the Brazilian courts, which is currently pending before an appellate court in Brazil (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) and has suspended the implementation of the proposed reorganization. The reorganization is also subject to governmental approvals in Brazil. While negotiations are ongoing to resolve this matter, we intend to continue to defend against this legal challenge; however, no assurance can be made as to the timing or outcome of the proceedings. We do not expect a failure to complete this corporate reorganization to have a material adverse impact on our business or financial results.
In April 2000, we acquired Manah S.A., a Brazilian fertilizer company that had an indirect participation in Fosfertil. This acquisition was approved by the Brazilian antitrust commission in February 2004. The approval was conditioned on the formalization of an operational agreement between us and the antitrust commission relating to the maintenance of existing competitive conditions in the fertilizer market. Although the terms of the operational agreement have not yet been approved, we do not expect them to have a material adverse impact on our business or financial results.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
There were no matters submitted to a vote of security holders during the fourth quarter of 2007.
23
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low closing prices of our common shares, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
|
High |
Low |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(US$) |
|||||
2008 | ||||||
First quarter (to February 21, 2008) | $ | 133.00 | $ | 105.29 | ||
2007 |
||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 124.23 | $ | 91.74 | ||
Third quarter | 107.45 | 81.00 | ||||
Second quarter | 84.50 | 71.81 | ||||
First quarter | 85.26 | 70.13 | ||||
2006 |
||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 73.17 | $ | 57.85 | ||
Third quarter | 58.65 | 49.99 | ||||
Second quarter | 61.16 | 48.23 | ||||
First quarter | 60.29 | 50.02 |
To our knowledge, based on information provided by Mellon Investor Services LLC, our transfer agent, 121,225,963 of our common shares were held by approximately 164 registered holders as of December 31, 2007.
Dividend Policy
We intend to pay cash dividends to holders of our common shares on a quarterly basis. In addition, holders of our 4.875% cumulative convertible perpetual preference shares are entitled to annual dividends in the amount of $4.875 per year and holders of our 5.125% cumulative mandatory convertible preference shares are entitled to annual dividends in the amount of $51.25, in each case payable quarterly when, as and if declared by the board of directors in accordance with the terms of such preference shares. Any future determination to pay dividends will, subject to the provisions of Bermuda law, be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon then existing conditions, including our financial condition, results of operations, contractual and other relevant legal or regulatory restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.
Under Bermuda law, a company's board of directors may not declare or pay dividends from time to time if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due or that the realizable value of its assets would thereby be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and issued share capital and share premium accounts. Under our bye-laws, each common share is entitled to dividends if, as and when dividends are declared by our board of directors, subject to any preferred dividend right of the holders of any preference shares. There are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in or out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to U.S. residents who are holders of our common shares.
We paid quarterly dividends on our common shares of $.16 per share in the first two quarters of 2007 and $.17 per share in the last two quarters of 2007. We paid quarterly dividends on our common shares of $.15 per share in the first two quarters of 2006 and $.16 per share in the last two quarters of
24
2006. We paid a regular quarterly cash dividend of $.17 per share on February 29, 2008 to shareholders of record on February 15, 2008. In addition, we will pay a quarterly dividend of $1.21875 per share on our cumulative convertible perpetual preference shares and an initial quarterly dividend of $16.23 per share on our cumulative mandatory convertible preference shares, in each case on March 1, 2008 to shareholders of record on February 15, 2008. On February 29, 2008, we announced that we will pay a regular quarterly cash dividend of $.17 per common share on June 2, 2008 to shareholders of record on May 19, 2008, and that we will pay a quarterly cash dividend of $1.21875 per share on our cumulative convertible perpetual preference shares and $12.8125 per share on our cumulative mandatory convertible preference shares, in each case on June 1, 2008 to shareholders of record on May 15, 2008.
Performance Graph
The performance graph shown below compares the quarterly change in cumulative total shareholder return on our common shares with the Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 Stock Index and the S&P Food Products Index from December 31, 2002 through the quarter ended December 31, 2007. The graph sets the beginning value of our common shares and the Indices at $100, and assumes that all dividends are reinvested. All Index values are weighted by the capitalization of the companies included in the Index.
COMPARISON OF 5-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
AMONG BUNGE LIMITED,
S&P 500 INDEX AND S&P FOOD PRODUCT INDEX
Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
25
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth certain information, as of December 31, 2007, with respect to our equity compensation plans.
|
(a) |
(b) |
(c) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plan category |
Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |
Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) |
|||||
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders(1) | 4,701,800 | (2) | $ | 52.88 | (3) | 4,173,679 | (4) | |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders(5) | 13,567 | (6) | | (7) | | (8) | ||
Total | 4,715,367 | $ | 52.88 | 4,173,679 | ||||
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Purchases of Equity Securities by Registrant and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial information for the periods indicated. You should read this information together with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and with the consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in U.S. dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The consolidated statements of income and cash flow data for each of the three years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of income and cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
27
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
|||||||||||
|
(US$ in millions) |
|||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Income Data: | ||||||||||||||||
Net sales | $ | 37,842 | $ | 26,274 | $ | 24,377 | $ | 25,234 | $ | 22,195 | ||||||
Cost of goods sold | (35,327 | ) | (24,703 | ) | (22,806 | ) | (23,348 | ) | (20,890 | ) | ||||||
Gross profit | 2,515 | 1,571 | 1,571 | 1,886 | 1,305 | |||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (1,359 | ) | (978 | ) | (956 | ) | (871 | ) | (691 | ) | ||||||
Gain on sale of soy ingredients business | | | | | 111 | |||||||||||
Interest income | 166 | 119 | 104 | 103 | 102 | |||||||||||
Interest expense | (353 | ) | (280 | ) | (231 | ) | (214 | ) | (215 | ) | ||||||
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | 217 | 59 | (22 | ) | (31 | ) | 92 | |||||||||
Other income (expense)net | 15 | 31 | 22 | 18 | 3 | |||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income tax, minority interest and equity in earnings of affiliates | 1,201 | 522 | 488 | 891 | 707 | |||||||||||
Income tax (expense) benefit | (310 | ) | 36 | 82 | (289 | ) | (201 | ) | ||||||||
Income from continuing operations after income tax | 891 | 558 | 570 | 602 | 506 | |||||||||||
Minority interest | (146 | ) | (60 | ) | (71 | ) | (146 | ) | (104 | ) | ||||||
Equity in earnings of affiliates | 33 | 23 | 31 | 13 | 16 | |||||||||||
Income from continuing operations | 778 | 521 | 530 | 469 | 418 | |||||||||||
Discontinued operations, net of tax of $5 (2003) | | | | | (7 | ) | ||||||||||
Net income | 778 | 521 | 530 | 469 | 411 | |||||||||||
Convertible preference share dividends | (40 | ) | (4 | ) | | | | |||||||||
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 738 | $ | 517 | $ | 530 | $ | 469 | $ | 411 | ||||||
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
|||||||||||
|
(US$, except outstanding share data) |
|||||||||||||||
Per Share Data: | ||||||||||||||||
Earnings per common sharebasic(1): | ||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations | $ | 6.11 | $ | 4.32 | $ | 4.73 | $ | 4.42 | $ | 4.19 | ||||||
Discontinued operations | | | | | (.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Earnings per common share basic | 6.11 | 4.32 | 4.73 | 4.42 | 4.12 | |||||||||||
Earnings per common sharediluted(2)(3): | ||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations | 5.95 | 4.28 | 4.43 | 4.10 | 3.89 | |||||||||||
Discontinued operations | | | | | (.06 | ) | ||||||||||
Earnings per common sharediluted | 5.95 | 4.28 | 4.43 | 4.10 | 3.83 | |||||||||||
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | .670 | $ | .630 | $ | .560 | $ | .480 | $ | .420 | ||||||
Weighted average common shares outstandingbasic | 120,718,134 | 119,566,423 | 112,131,739 | 106,015,869 | 99,745,825 | |||||||||||
Weighted average common shares outstandingdiluted(2)(3) | 130,753,807 | 120,849,357 | 120,853,928 | 115,674,056 | 108,654,027 |
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|
Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
|||||||||||
|
(US$ in millions) |
|||||||||||||||
Consolidated Cash Flow Data: | ||||||||||||||||
Cash (used for) provided by operating activities | $ | (411 | ) | $ | (289 | ) | $ | 382 | $ | 802 | $ | (41 | ) | |||
Cash (used for) provided by investing activities | (794 | ) | (611 | ) | (480 | ) | (824 | ) | 101 | |||||||
Cash provided by (used for) financing activities | 1,762 | 891 | 21 | (91 | ) | (102 | ) |
|
December 31, |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
||||||||||
|
(US$ in millions) |
||||||||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 981 | $ | 365 | $ | 354 | $ | 432 | $ | 489 | |||||
Inventories(4) | 5,924 | 3,684 | 2,769 | 2,636 | 2,867 | ||||||||||
Working capital | 5,684 | 3,878 | 2,947 | 2,766 | 2,481 | ||||||||||
Total assets | 21,991 | 14,347 | 11,446 | 10,907 | 9,884 | ||||||||||
Short-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt | 1,112 | 610 | 589 | 681 | 1,017 | ||||||||||
Long-term debt | 3,435 | 2,874 | 2,557 | 2,600 | 2,377 | ||||||||||
Mandatory convertible preference shares(2) | 863 | | | | | ||||||||||
Redeemable preferred stock(5) | | | | | 171 | ||||||||||
Convertible perpetual preference shares(2) | 690 | 690 | | | | ||||||||||
Common shares and additional paid-in-capital, net of receivable from former sole shareholder | 2,761 | 2,691 | 2,631 | 2,362 | 2,011 | ||||||||||
Shareholders' equity | $ | 7,945 | $ | 5,668 | $ | 4,226 | $ | 3,375 | $ | 2,377 |
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
||||||
|
(in millions of metric tons) |
||||||||||
Other Data: | |||||||||||
Volumes: | |||||||||||
Agribusiness | 114.4 | 99.8 | 97.5 | 88.6 | 87.0 | ||||||
Fertilizer | 13.1 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.5 | ||||||
Food products: | |||||||||||
Edible oil products | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.1 | ||||||
Milling products | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.5 | ||||||
Other | | | | | 0.1 | ||||||
Total food products | 9.5 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 7.7 | ||||||
Total volume | 137.0 | 120.1 | 117.2 | 108.9 | 106.2 |
29
earnings per common share for the year ended December 31, 2006 does not include the weighted average common shares that were issuable upon conversion of the preference shares as they were not dilutive.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following should be read in conjunction with "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and our combined consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Operating Results
Factors Affecting Operating Results
Our results of operations are affected by key factors in each of our business divisions as discussed below:
Agribusiness
In the agribusiness division, we purchase, store, transport, process and sell agricultural commodities and commodity products. Profitability in this division is affected by the availability and market prices of agricultural commodities and commodity products and the availability and costs of transportation and logistics services, including truck, barge, rail and ocean freight. Additionally, profitability in the division is affected by the relative market prices of processed oilseed products and the raw materials necessary to produce them, which are influenced by global supply and demand for each. Our oilseed processing profitability is also impacted by industry capacity utilization and energy costs. Availability of agricultural commodities is affected by weather, plant diseases, governmental policies and agricultural growing patterns. Demand is affected by growth in worldwide consumption of food products, particularly meat and poultry, population growth, changes in per capita incomes, the relative prices of substitute agricultural products, outbreaks of livestock and poultry disease, and, in the past few years, by the growing demand for renewable fuels produced from agricultural commodities and commodity products.
We expect that population growth, rising standards of living and rising global demand for renewable fuels will continue to increase global demand for our agribusiness products. However, from time to time, imbalances may exist between oilseed processing capacity and demand for oilseed products in certain markets, which impacts our decisions regarding whether, when and where to purchase, store, transport, process or sell these commodities, including whether to change the location of or reduce our own oilseed processing capacity.
30
Fertilizer
In the fertilizer division, demand for our products is affected by the profitability of the Brazilian agricultural sector, agricultural commodity prices, international fertilizer prices, the types of crops planted, the number of acres planted, the quality of the land under cultivation and weather-related issues affecting the success of the harvest. In addition, our selling prices are influenced by international selling prices for imported fertilizers and fertilizer raw materials, such as phosphate, ammonia and urea, as a significant portion of our raw material needs are met with imports. The Brazilian fertilizer business is also a seasonal business with fertilizer sales normally concentrated in the third and fourth quarters of the year. As a result, we generally import and mine raw materials and produce finished goods during the first half of the year in preparation for the main Brazilian cultivation season that occurs during the second half of the year.
Food Products
In the food products division, which consists of our edible oil products and milling products segments, our operations are affected by changes in the prices of raw materials, such as crude vegetable oils and grains, the mix of products we sell, changes in eating habits, changes in per capita incomes, consumer purchasing power levels, governmental dietary guidelines and policies, changes in general economic conditions and the competitive environment in the principal markets for our food products division. Competition in this industry has intensified in the past several years due to consolidation in the supermarket industry and attempts by competitors to increase market share.
In addition to the above factors, our results of operations are affected by the following factors:
Foreign Currency Exchange Rates
Due to the global nature of our operations, our operating results can be materially impacted by foreign currency exchange rates. Both translation of our foreign subsidiaries' financial statements and foreign currency transactions affect our results as described below.
Translation of Foreign Currency Financial Statements. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. However, the functional currency of the majority of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. We translate the amounts included in the consolidated statements of income and cash flows of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars on a monthly basis at weighted average exchange rates, which we believe approximate the actual exchange rates on the dates of the transactions. Translations of the local currency income statement and cash flow amounts to U.S. dollars are affected by fluctuations of the local currency during a period versus the U.S. dollar. Further, comparisons of results between periods are affected by the differences in the average exchange rates during one period versus another.
Our foreign subsidiaries' assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars from local currency at period-end exchange rates, and we record the resulting foreign exchange translation adjustments in our consolidated balance sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Included in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 were foreign exchange net translation gains of $731 million, $267 million and $101 million, respectively, representing the net gains from the translation of our foreign subsidiaries' assets and liabilities.
Foreign Currency Transactions. Certain of our foreign subsidiaries, most significantly those in Brazil, have monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in U.S. dollars. These U.S. dollar-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into their respective functional currencies at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting gains (losses) are included in our consolidated statements of income as foreign exchange gains (losses).
We also enter into derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forward contracts, swaps and options, to reduce exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates with respect to
31
our foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. In addition, we may also use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to local currency operating expenses. These derivative instruments are marked-to-market, with changes in their fair values recognized as a component of foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of income. We may also hedge other foreign currency exposures as deemed appropriate.
Brazil. The functional currency of our Brazilian subsidiaries is the Brazilian real. As such, exchange rate changes between the U.S. dollar and the real affect our operating profitability. The real appreciated 21% against the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2007 compared to the rate at December 31, 2006, and the real appreciated 9% against the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2006 when compared to the rate at December 31, 2005. In 2007, the average real-U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$1.948, compared to R$2.175 in 2006, which represents a 10% strengthening in the average value of the real versus the U.S. dollar in 2007. In 2006, the average real-U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$2.175, compared to R$2.435 in 2005, which represents an 11% strengthening in the average value of the real versus the U.S. dollar in 2006.
We use long-term intercompany loans to reduce our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations in Brazil, particularly their effects on our results of operations. These loans do not require cash payment of principal and are treated as analogous to equity for accounting purposes. As a result, the foreign exchange gains or losses on these intercompany loans are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated balance sheets. This is in contrast to foreign exchange gains or losses on third-party debt and short-term intercompany debt, which are recorded in foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of income.
Agribusiness SegmentBrazil. Our agribusiness sales are U.S. dollar-denominated or U.S. dollar-linked. In addition, commodity inventories in our agribusiness segment are stated at market value, which is generally linked to U.S. dollar-based international prices. As a result, these commodity inventories provide a natural hedge to our exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates in our agribusiness segment. Appreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar generally has a negative effect on our agribusiness segment results in Brazil, as real-denominated industrial costs, which are included in cost of goods sold, and selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses are translated to U.S. dollars at stronger real-U.S. dollar exchange rates, which results in higher U.S. dollar costs. In addition, appreciation of the real generates losses based on the changes in the real-denominated value of our commodity inventories, which are reflected in cost of goods sold in our consolidated statements of income. However, appreciation of the real also generates offsetting net foreign exchange gains on the net U.S. dollar monetary liability position of our Brazilian agribusiness subsidiaries, which are reflected in foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of income. As our Brazilian subsidiaries are primarily funded with intercompany, U.S. dollar-denominated debt, the mark-to-market losses on the commodity inventories during periods of real appreciation generally offset the foreign exchange gains on the intercompany U.S. dollar-denominated debt. Our effective tax rate is also negatively affected by the appreciation of the real, as we recognize tax expenses related to foreign exchange gains on certain intercompany loans. The foreign exchange gains are eliminated in our consolidated statements of income but the related tax effects remain.
Fertilizer SegmentBrazil. Our fertilizer segment sales prices are linked to U.S. dollar-priced fertilizer raw materials. Mining, industrial and SG&A expenses are real-denominated costs. Inventories in our fertilizer segment are accounted for on an average historical cost basis and are not marked-to-market. These inventories are generally financed with U.S. dollar-denominated liabilities. Appreciation of the real against the U.S. dollar generally results in higher mining, industrial and SG&A expenses when translated into U.S. dollars and net foreign exchange gains on the net U.S. dollar monetary liability position of our fertilizer segment subsidiaries. However, gross profit margins are generally adversely affected by appreciation of the real is our local currency revenues are linked to U.S. dollar-priced imported and domestic raw materials, whereas our cost of goods sold would reflect the
32
higher real cost of inventories acquired and produced during a period when the real was weaker. Inventories are acquired and produced throughout the year, whereas sales of fertilizer products are disproportionately concentrated in the second half of the year. Thus, the recording of the exchange gains on the net U.S. dollar monetary liability position and the effects of the appreciating real on our gross profit margins generally do not occur in the same reporting period. As such, the foreign exchange impact on the intercompany debt is reflected monthly in our results while the impact on gross profit margins is reflected at the time products are sold. The converse is true for devaluation of the real and the related effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Edible Oil and Milling Products SegmentBrazil. Our food products businesses are generally local currency businesses. The costs of raw materials, principally wheat, corn and vegetable oils, are largely U.S. dollar-linked and changes in the costs of these raw materials have historically been passed through to the customer in the form of higher or lower selling prices. However, delays or difficulties in passing through changes in raw materials costs into local currency selling prices can affect our margins.
Other Operations. Our operations in Europe are in countries that are members of the European Union and several countries that are not members of the European Union. Our risk management policy is to fully hedge our monetary exposures in those countries to minimize the financial effects of fluctuations in the euro and other European currencies. We also operate in Argentina, where we are exposed to the peso, and in Asia, where our primary exposures are to the Chinese yuan/renminbi and the Indian rupee. Our risk management policy is to fully hedge our monetary exposure to the financial effects of fluctuations in the values of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar.
Income Taxes
As a Bermuda exempted company, we are not subject to income taxes on income earned in our jurisdiction of incorporation. However, our subsidiaries, which operate in multiple tax jurisdictions, are subject to income taxes at various statutory rates ranging from 0% to 39%. Determination of taxable income requires the interpretation of related and often complex tax laws and regulations in each jurisdiction where we operate and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding future events. We employ various tax strategies in different tax jurisdictions that are intended to minimize net cash outflows and manage tax assets and liabilities.
On January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48). Among other tax guidance, FIN 48 requires applying a "more likely than not" threshold to the recognition and de-recognition of tax positions. As a result of the adoption of FIN 48, we recorded a $55 million increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, with a corresponding reduction of $46 million in retained earnings and $9 million in the deferred tax valuation allowance at January 1, 2007. At December 31, 2007, we had recorded tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits of $197 million, of which $35 million relates to accrued interest and penalties.
In 2004, we merged and spun-off several 100%-owned European subsidiaries which generated statutory capital tax losses and the recognition of $60 million of net operating loss carryforwards. We had determined that it was more likely than not that the tax authorities would disallow the recognition of the statutory capital tax losses. Consequently, in 2004, we recorded a valuation allowance of $60 million. In 2006, tax authorities conducted audits of the tax returns of the applicable entities which included the statutory capital tax losses and no additional tax assessment was made by the tax authorities. In addition, the statute of limitations for auditing tax returns relating to the applicable returns that included the statutory capital tax losses expired on January 1, 2007. As a result, we reversed deferred tax valuation allowances of $72 million in 2006, as it was determined to be more likely than not that the net operating losses will be recovered. The increase from the amount recorded in 2004 of $60 million compared to the $72 million reversed in 2006 represents the effects of foreign exchange translation adjustments.
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In 2005, we received a favorable U.S. tax ruling with respect to the tax status of certain entities acquired in our acquisition of Cereol S.A. (Cereol) in 2002. We had recorded a $125 million deferred tax liability in the opening balance sheet of Cereol in 2002, related to unremitted earnings of a subsidiary that were not considered to be permanently reinvested. Based upon the final ruling received in 2005, we determined that the subsidiary could be liquidated without generating tax on the unremitted earnings. As a result of receipt of the favorable U.S. tax ruling, and in accordance with EITF Issue No. 93-7, Uncertainties Related to Income Taxes in a Purchase Business Combination, we reduced certain indefinite lived intangible assets acquired in the Cereol acquisition by $39 million, net of deferred tax liabilities, to zero and then recognized an $86 million non-cash tax benefit in our consolidated statements of income. In conjunction with this transaction, we incurred $9 million of tax expense in 2005, related to the repatriation of the post-acquisition unremitted earnings of a foreign subsidiary under the provisions of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (the Jobs Creation Act).
We have in the past obtained tax benefits under U.S. tax laws providing incentives under the provisions of the Extraterritorial Income Act (ETI) legislation. However, the Jobs Creation Act ultimately repealed the ETI benefit in a gradual manner that resulted in the ETI benefit being phased out completely in 2007. The ETI benefit has been replaced with an income tax deduction intended to allocate benefits previously provided to U.S. exporters across all manufacturers when fully phased in. Although most of our U.S. operations qualify as "manufacturing," we do not expect to receive significant benefits from this new tax legislation primarily due to our current U.S. tax position. Income tax benefit in 2006 includes a charge of $21 million relating to a correction of certain tax benefits recognized from 2001 to 2005 related to incentives under the ETI provision of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
In connection with the 2007 year-end closing process, we determined that there were certain errors in our previously issued 2007 unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated financial statements, which resulted in an overstatement of net sales and costs of goods sold for the affected periods. These errors had no effect on Bunge's previously reported volumes, gross profit, segment operating profit, net income or earnings per share or on Bunge's balance sheets or statements of cash flows for the affected periods. See Note 26 to our audited consolidated financial statements for more information, including the corrected amounts. We have determined that the identified causes of these errors represent two material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. We have taken, and will continue to take, actions to remediate these weaknesses. See "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures" for more information.
Results of Operations
2007 Overview
Our 2007 total segment operating profit was well above 2006 as a result of improved agribusiness fundamentals that increased volumes and margins in both our agribusiness and fertilizer segments. Operating profit in our edible oil and milling products segments was lower than 2006 largely as a result of higher raw material costs, impairment and restructuring charges, and increased costs related to investments for growth of our edible oils businesses in Europe and Asia.
Agribusiness segment operating profit for 2007 was well above last year's primarily as a result of volume and margin increases. Volumes increased in almost all regions and product lines, particularly in grain origination and distribution. Oilseed processing volumes, primarily in North and South America, increased as export volumes benefited from weather-related crop reductions in other regions. These weather-related crop reductions, notably in wheat production in Europe and Australia and corn production in Europe, created major disruptions in the normal global flows of grains. These
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dislocations enabled us to utilize our global asset network and our logistics assets and capabilities to supply customers from North and South America in an efficient manner.
Our continuing efforts to reduce costs and improve capacity utilization led to decisions to close certain smaller, older and less efficient oilseed processing facilities in the U.S. and Europe in 2007. In addition, the weaker U.S. dollar against most major world currencies, particularly the Brazilian real, had a somewhat negative impact on our results in 2007 as it increased our operating costs when translated into U.S. dollars.
Our fertilizer segment operating profit for 2007 more than doubled over 2006 with above average historical volume growth and increased margins driven by high international fertilizer and fertilizer raw material and agricultural commodity prices. Historically high commodity prices improved Brazilian farm economics and encouraged both increased plantings, including a large winter corn crop, and increased fertilizer application rates to improve farm yields. Operating profit was negatively impacted in 2007 by a $50 million increase in provisions related to recoverable taxes as 2007 law changes in certain states within Brazil that take effect in 2008 have made recovery in those states uncertain. In addition, results were somewhat reduced by the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local costs translated into U.S. dollars. The real appreciation also partially offset the benefit to farmers from commodity price increases.
Edible oil products segment operating profit for 2007 declined from 2006, primarily due to lagging sales prices relating to high raw material costs from the increases in crude vegetable oil prices. Operating profit was also reduced by the impact of impairment and restructuring charges related to facility closures, primarily in Europe, impairment charges relating to certain brands and related intangible assets in India and increased selling, general and administrative expenses associated with growing our Asian and European businesses. Operating profit in 2007 was strong in Brazil, with higher packaged product volumes and good performance in procurement of raw material inventories more than offsetting lower profitability of margarines that resulted from increased competition. Operating profit was improved in North America. Volumes grew in Asia and Europe, but European operations suffered from difficulties in passing on historically high crude softseed oil prices to customers, increased selling, general and administrative costs to position the company for future growth, and impairment and restructuring charges.
Milling products segment operating profit for 2007 declined from 2006, as wheat milling results were negatively impacted by historically high raw material costs and by $13 million of impairment charges due to the closure of an older, less efficient mill and increased activity at our newest mill. A decline in wheat milling operating profit was only partially offset by improvements in corn milling operating profit that resulted from increased volumes and improved margins on U.S. government Food Aid Program sales.
Segment Results
In 2007, we reclassified certain product lines from the edible oil products segment to the agribusiness segment. As a result, amounts for the year ended December 31, 2006 have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. We did not reflect the reclassification in years prior to the year ended December 31, 2006 as it is not practicable to do so.
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A summary of certain items in our consolidated statements of income and volumes by reportable segment for the periods indicated is set forth below.
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
Percent Change |
2005 |
Percent Change |
||||||||||
|
(US$ in millions, except percentages) |
||||||||||||||
Volumes (in thousands of metric tons): | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | 114,365 | 99,801 | 15 | % | 97,560 | 2 | % | ||||||||
Fertilizer | 13,077 | 11,578 | 13 | % | 11,478 | 1 | % | ||||||||
Edible oil products | 5,530 | 4,777 | 16 | % | 4,267 | 12 | % | ||||||||
Milling products | 3,983 | 3,895 | 2 | % | 3,890 | | % | ||||||||
Total | 136,955 | 120,051 | 14 | % | 117,195 | 2 | % | ||||||||
Net sales: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 26,990 | $ | 18,909 | 43 | % | $ | 17,459 | 8 | % | |||||
Fertilizer | 3,918 | 2,602 | 51 | % | 2,674 | (3 | )% | ||||||||
Edible oil products | 5,597 | 3,798 | 47 | % | 3,385 | 12 | % | ||||||||
Milling products | 1,337 | 965 | 39 | % | 859 | 12 | % | ||||||||
Total | $ | 37,842 | $ | 26,274 | 44 | % | $ | 24,377 | 8 | % | |||||
Costs of goods sold: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | (25,583 | ) | $ | (18,091 | ) | 41 | % | $ | (16,638 | ) | 9 | % | ||
Fertilizer | (3,279 | ) | (2,276 | ) | 44 | % | (2,333 | ) | (2 | )% | |||||
Edible oil products | (5,263 | ) | (3,509 | ) | 50 | % | (3,101 | ) | 13 | % | |||||
Milling products | (1,202 | ) | (827 | ) | 45 | % | (734 | ) | 13 | % | |||||
Total | $ | (35,327 | ) | $ | (24,703 | ) | 43 | % | $ | (22,806 | ) | 8 | % | ||
Gross profit: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 1,407 | $ | 818 | 72 | % | $ | 821 | | % | |||||
Fertilizer | 639 | 326 | 96 | % | 341 | (4 | )% | ||||||||
Edible oil products | 334 | 289 | 16 | % | 284 | 2 | % | ||||||||
Milling products | 135 | 138 | (2 | )% | 125 | 10 | % | ||||||||
Total | $ | 2,515 | $ | 1,571 | 60 | % | $ | 1,571 | | % | |||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | (661 | ) | $ | (516 | ) | 28 | % | $ | (456 | ) | 13 | % | ||
Fertilizer | (284 | ) | (190 | ) | 49 | % | (229 | ) | (17 | )% | |||||
Edible oil products | (316 | ) | (207 | ) | 53 | % | (215 | ) | (4 | )% | |||||
Milling products | (98 | ) | (65 | ) | 51 | % | (56 | ) | 16 | % | |||||
Total | $ | (1,359 | ) | $ | (978 | ) | 39 | % | $ | (956 | ) | 2 | % | ||
Foreign exchange gain (loss): | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 136 | $ | (12 | ) | $ | 29 | ||||||||
Fertilizer | 114 | 47 | (47 | ) | |||||||||||
Edible oil products | 6 | 5 | | ||||||||||||
Milling products | (4 | ) | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||
Total | $ | 252 | $ | 40 | $ | (19 | ) | ||||||||
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Interest income: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 38 | $ | 27 | 41 | % | $ | 21 | 29 | % | |||||
Fertilizer | 64 | 58 | 10 | % | 57 | 2 | % | ||||||||
Edible oil products | 4 | 2 | 100 | % | 3 | (33 | )% | ||||||||
Milling products | 1 | 3 | (67 | )% | 2 | 50 | % | ||||||||
Total | $ | 107 | $ | 90 | 19 | % | $ | 83 | 8 | % | |||||
Interest expense: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | (296 | ) | $ | (203 | ) | 46 | % | $ | (140 | ) | 45 | % | ||
Fertilizer | (16 | ) | (39 | ) | (59 | )% | (41 | ) | (5 | )% | |||||
Edible oil products | (38 | ) | (31 | ) | 23 | % | (35 | ) | (11 | )% | |||||
Milling products | (3 | ) | (7 | ) | (57 | )% | (7 | ) | | % | |||||
Total | $ | (353 | ) | $ | (280 | ) | 26 | % | $ | (223 | ) | 26 | % | ||
Segment operating profit(1): | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 624 | $ | 114 | 447 | % | $ | 275 | (59 | )% | |||||
Fertilizer | 517 | 202 | 156 | % | 81 | 149 | % | ||||||||
Edible oil products | (10 | ) | 58 | (117 | )% | 37 | 57 | % | |||||||
Milling products | 31 | 69 | (55 | )% | 63 | 10 | % | ||||||||
Total | $ | 1,162 | $ | 443 | 162 | % | $ | 456 | (3 | )% | |||||
Depreciation, depletion and amortization: | |||||||||||||||
Agribusiness | $ | 157 | $ | 126 | 25 | % | $ | 110 | 15 | % | |||||
Fertilizer | 151 | 130 | 16 | % | 104 | 25 | % | ||||||||
Edible oil products | 61 | 53 | 15 | % | 50 | 6 | % | ||||||||
Milling products | 16 | 15 | 7 | % | 14 | 7 | % | ||||||||
Total | $ | 385 | $ | 324 | 19 | % | $ | 278 | 17 | % | |||||
Net income | $ | 778 | $ | 521 | 49 | % | $ | 530 | (2 | )% | |||||
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Below is a reconciliation of income from continuing operations before income tax to total segment operating profit:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
|||||||
|
(US$ in millions) |
|||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income tax | $ | 1,201 | $ | 522 | $ | 488 | ||||
Unallocated (income) expensenet(1) | (39 | ) | (79 | ) | (32 | ) | ||||
Total segment operating profit | $ | 1,162 | $ | 443 | $ | 456 | ||||
2007 Compared to 2006
Agribusiness Segment. Agribusiness segment net sales increased 43% primarily due to historically high market prices for most agricultural commodities and commodity products in our portfolio. Volumes increased by 15%, primarily in grain origination, as higher commodity prices led to improved farm economics, particularly in Brazil, and stimulated increased plantings and farmer selling activities. Grain and oilseed distribution volumes were also higher with weather-related crop reductions, particularly in oilseed, corn and wheat production in Europe and wheat production in Australia, creating dislocations in the normal global flows of grains and oilseeds. These dislocations enabled us to utilize our global asset network and our logistics assets and capabilities to supply European customers from our grain and oilseed facilities in North and South America.
Cost of goods sold increased 41% primarily due to historically high market prices for most agricultural commodity raw materials as well as higher ocean freight costs and the impact of a weaker U.S. dollar, particularly against the Brazilian real, on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. The average Brazilian real-U.S. dollar exchange rate strengthened by 10% in the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to 2006. In addition, 2007 included impairment and restructuring charges of $30 million compared to charges of $20 million in 2006.
Gross profit increased 72% due to the 15% increase in volumes and improved origination and processing margins.
SG&A expenses increased by 28% primarily due to increased support and administration costs for new product lines, such as sugar, information system implementations in Brazil and certain European countries, increased performance-based compensation costs and the impact of a weaker U.S. dollar on foreign local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars.
Foreign exchange gains on our net U.S. dollar monetary liability position in Brazil of $136 million in 2007 resulted from the 21% appreciation of the Brazilian real-U.S. dollar exchange rate at December 31, 2007 compared to December 31, 2006, significantly higher notional working capital amounts resulting from higher commodity prices and increased volumes. While the real appreciated 9% against the U.S. dollar in 2006, foreign exchange losses of $12 million for the period were primarily the result of volatility in the value of the Brazilian real during the year relative to the U.S. dollar, particularly during the second quarter of 2006 when the Brazilian real devalued and Brazilian agribusiness inventory levels were at their highest levels in 2006. Foreign exchange gains and losses are substantially offset by inventory mark-to-market adjustments, which are included in cost of goods sold. Interest expense increased 46% in 2007 primarily due to higher average borrowings caused by higher average working capital levels, offset partially by lower average borrowing rates.
Segment operating profit increased by 447% primarily due to higher gross profit and foreign exchange gains, partially offset by higher SG&A and interest expense.
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Fertilizer Segment. Fertilizer segment net sales increased 51% primarily due to higher average selling prices resulting from high international fertilizer prices, particularly during the last half of the year, and a 13% increase in volumes. The volume increase was due primarily to higher crop prices, which improved Brazilian farm economics and encouraged farmers to increase plantings and fertilizer applications to improve crop yields.
Cost of goods sold increased 44% primarily due to higher prices of imported fertilizer raw materials used in our production processes. Costs were also higher due to the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars compared to 2006 and a $50 million provision related to changes in value-added tax (VAT) regulations in certain Brazilian states that take effect in 2008 and make the recoverability of VAT tax assets in those states uncertain.
Gross profit increased by 96% primarily due to higher average selling prices that were only partially offset by higher raw material costs, which had been carried earlier in the year at lower prices.
SG&A expenses increased 49% primarily due to increased bad debt provisions, increased performance-based compensation expenses and the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local costs when translated to U.S. dollars.
Foreign exchange results for 2007 included exchange gains from our program to hedge the negative impact on results of a stronger Brazilian real on cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses.
Segment operating profit increased 156% primarily due to increased selling prices as described above.
Edible Oil Products Segment. Edible oil products segment net sales increased 47% due to significantly higher average selling prices and a 16% increase in volumes. Volumes increased in most regions, with the largest increases in Brazil, Eastern Europe and Asia. The increase in average selling prices followed the trend in agricultural commodity prices.
Cost of goods sold increased 50% due to higher raw material costs and increased volumes. Costs were also negatively impacted by the effects of a weaker U.S. dollar on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. Cost of goods sold in 2007 also included $24 million of impairment charges relating to write-downs of certain facilities in Europe and the United States. Included in cost of goods sold in 2006 were $2 million of impairment charges relating to the write-down of certain refining and packaging facilities in our Brazilian edible oil operations.
Gross profit increased 16% primarily due to improved profitability and higher volumes in Brazilian packaged oils and in Europe. Our new growth initiatives in Asia also contributed to our results in 2007. In addition, gross profit was negatively impacted by impairment charges.
SG&A expenses increased 53% primarily due to increases in Europe and Asia supporting planned growth in our edible oil operations in those regions and to $11 million of impairment charges related to the write-down of certain brands and related intangible assets in India. Expenses were also impacted by the effects of a weaker U.S. dollar on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars.
Segment operating profit decreased 117% primarily due to $35 million in impairment charges and increased SG&A expenses that more than offset the increased gross profit.
Milling Products Segment. Milling products segment net sales increased 39% primarily due to higher average selling prices for wheat and corn milling products, combined with a modest 2% increase in volumes. Higher average selling prices in wheat and corn milling products were primarily caused by weather-related reductions in global wheat and increased consumption of corn from the U.S. ethanol industry, as product prices generally move in relation to the cost of raw materials.
Cost of goods sold increased 45% primarily due to higher raw material costs and $13 million of impairment charges in 2007 relating to the closure of an older, higher-cost mill. Costs were also
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negatively impacted by the effects of a stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. Raw material cost increases were higher following the trend in wheat and corn prices.
Gross profit decreased 2% primarily due to the impairment charges in 2007.
SG&A increased 51% as a result of higher labor-related costs, increases in advertising expenses and the effects of a weaker U.S. dollar on local currency costs.
Segment operating profit decreased 55% as a result of lower gross profits resulting largely from 2007 impairment charges combined with the increase in SG&A.
Consolidated Financial Costs. The following is a summary of consolidated financial costs for the periods indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(US$ in millions, except percentages) |
|
||||||||
2007 |
2006 |
Change |
|||||||
Interest income | $ | 166 | $ | 119 | 39 | % | |||
Interest expense | (353 | ) | (280 | ) | 26 | % | |||
Foreign exchange gains | 217 | 59 |
Interest income increased 39% primarily due to higher average balances of interest bearing accounts receivable. Interest expense increased 26% due to higher average borrowings resulting from increased working capital caused primarily by commodity price increases.
Foreign exchange gains of $217 million in 2007 related primarily to our U.S. dollar net monetary liability position in Brazil and were primarily due to the 21% appreciation in the value of the Brazilian real versus the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2007 compared to December 31, 2006. Foreign exchange results also included hedging gains relating to foreign exchange derivative contracts used to hedge the effects of exchange rate movements on our fertilizer segment industrial and SG&A expenses in Brazil. Foreign exchange gains of $59 million in 2006 included exchange gains on our Brazilian-U.S. dollar net monetary liability position primarily due to the 9% appreciation in the value of the Brazilian real versus the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2006 compared to December 31, 2005.
Other Income (Expense)net. Other income (expense)net decreased $16 million to $15 million in 2007. The amount for 2007 related primarily to a gain of $22 million from the sale of shares held in CME Group, an entity created by the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade, while 2006 amounts included a gain on sale of land in Europe for $31 million.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense). Income tax expense of $310 million in 2007 primarily related to higher taxable earnings in jurisdictions with higher tax rates combined with a net increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $17 million discussed below. We believe that our effective tax rate has returned to a sustainable rate. The tax benefit for 2006 of $36 million included a $67 million reversal of deferred tax valuation allowances and a charge of $21 million relating to a reversal of certain tax benefits on U.S. foreign sales recorded from 2001 to 2005 (See "Factors Affecting our Operating ResultsIncome Taxes" above) and a charge of $14 million relating to certain income tax contingencies in Europe. Excluding these items, the income tax benefit was $4 million.
On January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48). Among other tax guidance, FIN 48 requires applying a "more likely than not" threshold to the recognition and de-recognition of tax positions. During 2007, we recorded an income tax expense relating to unrecognized tax benefits of $17 million. The increase related primarily to the appreciation of the Brazilian real compared to the U.S. dollar on amounts recorded for the possible realization of certain Brazilian deferred tax assets. We have requested a ruling on the realization of these deferred tax assets from the applicable tax authorities and expect to receive
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this ruling within the next 12 months. If the ruling is favorable, our liability related to this unrecognized tax benefit will be reversed.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expense increased $86 million to $146 million in 2007 from $60 million in 2006 primarily due to record earnings from Fosfertil.
Equity in Earnings in Affiliates. Equity in earnings of affiliates increased by $10 million to $33 million in 2007 from $23 million in 2006 primarily due to a gain from our French oilseed processing joint venture related to the sale of a subsidiary and higher earnings in Solae as a result of 2007 margin improvement in China and Europe. Solae's 2006 earnings were low as a result of impairment and restructuring charges relating to the closure of a plant in China and employee severance costs and impairment charges relating to certain patent, technology and trademark investments in intangible assets no longer used in the business. Partially offsetting the increase from Solae were lower earnings from our European biodiesel joint ventures.
Net Income. Net income increased $257 million to $778 million in 2007 from $521 million in 2006. Net income for 2007 includes charges for impairment and restructuring, net of tax, of $59 million, increased value-added tax provisions in our fertilizer business, net of tax and minority interest, of $22 million and $15 million in after-tax gains from the sale of shares of stock held in CME Group.
2006 Compared to 2005
Agribusiness Segment. Agribusiness segment net sales increased 8% primarily due to higher average selling prices for agricultural commodity products.
Cost of goods sold increased 9% primarily due to higher raw material costs, freight costs, increased energy costs primarily in North America and higher operational expenses due to the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. The average Brazilian real-U.S. dollar exchange rate strengthened 12% in the year ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005. In addition, 2006 included impairment and restructuring charges of $20 million and 2005 included a $27 million decrease in allowances for recoverable taxes and a $14 million reversal for a transactional tax provision due to a favorable tax ruling and $40 million of impairment and restructuring charges.
Gross profit was relatively unchanged primarily due to higher freight costs, increased energy costs, primarily in North America, and higher operational expenses due to the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars.
SG&A expenses increased 13% primarily due to increases in bad debt expense and from the impact of a stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. Offsetting the increase was a $4 million reduction in SG&A expenses due to a partial settlement payment we received in connection with litigation in Brazil.
Despite the appreciation of the Brazilian real at December 31, 2006 compared to December 31, 2005, foreign exchange losses in 2006 of $12 million were primarily the result of volatility in the value of the Brazilian real during the year relative to the U.S. dollar, particularly during the second quarter of 2006 when the Brazilian real devalued and Brazilian agribusiness inventory levels were at their highest levels during 2006. At December 31, 2005, the Brazilian real had appreciated 13% in value against the U.S. dollar compared to values at December 31, 2004, resulting in exchange gains of $29 million in 2005. Foreign exchange gains and losses are substantially offset by inventory mark-to-market adjustments, which are included in cost of goods sold. Interest expense increased 45% primarily due to higher average borrowings caused by higher average inventory levels and increases in short-term interest rates.
Segment operating profit decreased 59% primarily due to lower volumes and gross profit, higher SG&A expenses, foreign exchange losses and higher interest expense.
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Fertilizer Segment. Fertilizer segment net sales decreased 3% primarily due to lower average selling prices because of lower international prices for potash partially offset by a 1% increase in volumes.
Cost of goods sold decreased 2% primarily due to lower expenses resulting from the restructuring programs in Brazil initiated in the fourth quarter of 2005, partially offset by higher operating and depreciation expenses attributable to the expansion of our phosphate capacity which began production in the first quarter of 2006, and higher costs primarily due to the impact of the stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars compared to 2005. Cost of goods sold in 2005 was reduced as a result of $28 million of value-added tax credits relating to taxes we paid in prior periods.
Gross profit decreased by 4% primarily due to lower average selling prices, higher operating and depreciation expenses and higher costs due to the impact of a stronger Brazilian real.
SG&A expenses decreased 17% primarily due to a reversal of a Brazilian social contribution tax provision of $18 million resulting from a favorable court ruling and lower expenses resulting from a workforce reduction we made earlier in the year. Partially offsetting the decrease were higher costs due to the impact of the stronger Brazilian real. Included in SG&A expenses in 2006 were $2 million of cash restructuring charges relating to a workforce reduction.
Foreign exchange results for 2006 included exchange gains from our program to hedge the negative impact on results of a stronger Brazilian real on cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses.
Segment operating profit increased 149% primarily due to foreign exchange gains resulting from our hedging program and lower SG&A expenses.
Edible Oil Products Segment. Edible oil products segment net sales increased 12% due to higher average selling prices and a 12% increase in volumes in most regions, especially in Europe. The increase in average selling prices followed the generally higher trend in agricultural commodity prices. The increase in volumes was largely driven by increased demand for vegetable oil used in the biodiesel industry. Our European operations also benefited from the consolidation of an acquisition in Poland, which was previously accounted for on the equity method of accounting. Our Brazilian operations benefited from expanded operations at one of our refining and packaging facilities.
Cost of goods sold increased 13% due to the increase in volumes, higher raw material costs and higher energy costs primarily in North America and increases in industrial costs resulting from the effects of a stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. Gross profit increased 2% primarily due to improved profitability and higher volumes in Europe. Included in cost of goods sold in 2006 was $18 million of impairment charges relating to the write-down of certain refining and packaging facilities in our Brazilian edible oil operations. Overall improved distribution and brand positioning also contributed to the improvement in gross profit.
SG&A expenses decreased 4% primarily due to lower advertising expenses and a receipt of a $2 million partial settlement payment in connection with litigation in Brazil partially offset by the effects of a weaker U.S. dollar. In 2005, SG&A expenses included $2 million of restructuring charges relating to a workforce reduction in Brazil and Europe.
Segment operating profit increased 57% primarily due to improved profitability in Europe and the consolidation of an acquisition in Poland, which contributed $6 million to segment operating profit in 2006.
Milling Products Segment. Milling products segment net sales increased 12% primarily due to higher wheat milling product volumes and higher average selling prices for wheat and corn milling products. Increases in wheat milling product volumes to bakery and industrial customers and corn milling product volumes to commercial customers more than offset the lower corn volumes sold to the
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U.S. government food aid program. Higher average selling prices in wheat and corn milling products were primarily caused by a reduction in global wheat stocks and higher corn prices in North America due to increases in demand for corn by ethanol producers.
Cost of goods sold increased 13% primarily due to higher raw material costs and increases in industrial costs resulting from the effects of a stronger Brazilian real on local currency costs when translated into U.S. dollars. Raw material cost increases were largely higher following the trend in wheat and corn prices. Gross profit increased 10% primarily due to improved milling product margins resulting from a shift to higher margin products. SG&A expenses increased 16% primarily due to the effects of a stronger Brazilian real.
Segment operating profit increased 10% as a result of the increase in gross profit and lower financial costs.
Consolidated Financial Costs. The following is a summary of consolidated financial costs for the periods indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(US$ in millions, except percentages) |
|
||||||||
2006 |
2005 |
Change |
|||||||
Interest income | $ | 119 | $ | 104 | 14 | % | |||
Interest expense | (280 | ) | (231 | ) | 21 | % | |||
Foreign exchange losses | 59 | (22 | ) |
Interest income increased 14% primarily due to higher average balances of interest bearing accounts receivable. Interest expense increased 21% due to higher average borrowings and higher average interest rates on short-term debt.
Foreign exchange gains of $59 million in 2006 on our U.S. dollar net monetary liability position in Brazil were primarily due to the 9% appreciation in the value of the Brazilian real versus the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2006 compared to December 31, 2005. Foreign exchange results also included hedging gains relating to foreign exchange derivative contracts to hedge the effects of exchange rate movements on our fertilizer segment industrial and SG&A expenses in Brazil. Foreign exchange losses of $22 million in 2005 included hedging costs related to our exposure in Brazil partially offset by exchange gains on our Brazilian-U.S. dollar net monetary liability position primarily due to the 13% appreciation in the value of the Brazilian real versus the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2005 compared to December 31, 2004. In addition, in 2005, the 2% devaluation in the value of the Argentine peso versus the U.S. dollar at December 31, 2005 compared to December 31, 2004 resulted in exchange losses on our Argentine-U.S. dollar net monetary liability position.
Other Income (Expense)net. Other income (expense)net increased $9 million to $31 million in 2006 from $22 million in 2005. The amount for 2006 primarily included a gain on sale of land in Europe for $31 million and 2005 included gains on interest rate derivative contracts and gains on sales of long-lived assets.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense). Income tax benefit for 2006 of $36 million included a $67 million reversal of deferred tax valuation allowances and a charge of $21 million relating to a reversal of certain tax benefits on U.S. foreign sales recorded from 2001 to 2005 (See "Factors Affecting our Operating ResultsIncome Taxes" above) and a charge of $14 million relating to certain income tax contingencies in Europe. Excluding these items, the income tax benefit was $4 million.
In 2004, we merged and spun-off several 100%-owned European subsidiaries which generated statutory capital tax losses and the recognition of $60 million of net operating loss carryforwards. We had determined that it was more likely than not that the tax authorities would disallow the recognition of the statutory capital tax losses. Consequently, in 2004, we recorded a valuation allowance of
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$60 million. In 2006, the tax authorities conducted audits of the tax returns of the applicable entities which included the statutory capital tax losses and no additional tax assessment was made by the tax authorities. In addition, the statute of limitations for auditing tax returns relating to the applicable returns that included the statutory capital tax losses expired on January 1, 2007. As a result, we reversed deferred tax valuation allowances of $72 million in 2006 as we now believe that it is more likely than not that the net operating losses will be recovered. The increase from the amount recorded in 2004 of $60 million compared to the $72 million reversed in 2006 represents the effects of foreign exchange translation adjustments. Offsetting the decrease in the reversal were additional valuation allowances of $5 million recorded in various entities relating to recoverability of deferred tax assets.
Income tax benefit for 2005 of $82 million included a $77 million reversal of a deferred tax liability as a result of a favorable tax ruling with respect to unremitted earnings of a foreign subsidiary acquired (See "Factors Affecting our Operating ResultsIncome Taxes" above) and a $79 million reversal of deferred tax valuation allowances as a result of the projected utilization of net operating loss carryforwards. Excluding these items, the income tax expense was $74 million.
The decrease in the valuation allowance in 2005 resulted from the projected use of net operating loss carryforwards by our Brazilian subsidiaries. We were able to recognize these net operating loss carryforwards because of the legal restructuring of our Brazilian subsidiaries, increased statutory taxable income of these subsidiaries caused by the effects of the Brazilian real appreciation and actions undertaken to recover the net operating loss carryforwards. Our tax planning strategies in Brazil involve the use of foreign currency derivatives, optimizing the capital structure of our Brazilian subsidiaries to make it more tax efficient and using U.S. dollar-denominated intercompany loans.
The decrease in the income tax expense, excluding the items noted above, was primarily due to a decline in income from operations before income tax in subsidiaries that are in tax jurisdictions with higher income tax rates. The effects of a legal restructuring in Brazil, completed in 2005, also contributed to the lower income tax expense.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expense decreased $11 million to $60 million in 2006 from $71 million in 2005 primarily due to lower earnings from Fosfertil.
Equity Earnings in Affiliates. Equity earnings of affiliates decreased $8 million to $23 million in 2006 from $31 million in 2005 primarily due to lower earnings in Solae as a result of impairment and restructuring charges relating to the closure of a plant in China, employee severance costs and impairment charges relating to certain patent, technology and trademark investments in intangible assets no longer used in the business. Partially offsetting the decrease in equity in earnings of affiliates were higher earnings from our French oilseed processing and European biodiesel joint ventures.
Net Income. Net income decreased $9 million to $521 million in 2006 from $530 million in 2005. Net income for 2006 includes the reversal of deferred tax valuation allowances of $67 million, impairment and restructuring charges of $16 million, net of tax, a reversal of a Brazilian social contribution tax provision of $8 million, net of tax and after minority interest, resulting from a favorable court ruling, a partial litigation settlement gain of $4 million, net of tax, $7 million of expense, net of tax, relating to the incremental share-based compensation cost as a result of the adoption of SFAS No. 123R, an income tax expense of $21 million relating to a correction of certain tax benefits recognized from 2001 to 2005, an income tax expense of $14 million relating to certain income tax contingencies, $13 million of impairment and restructuring charges, net of tax, relating to our investment in affiliates in Solae and gains on sales of long-lived assets of $29 million.
Net income for 2005 includes the reversal of deferred tax valuation allowances of $79 million and a reduction of deferred tax liabilities of $77 million due to a favorable tax ruling, impairment and restructuring charges of $33 million, net of tax, the reversal of valuation allowances on recoverable taxes of $19 million, net of tax, the value-added tax credits of $17 million, net of tax, related to a change in tax laws, gains on sales of long-lived assets of $13 million, net of tax and a reversal of a transactional tax provision for $10 million, net of tax, due to a favorable tax ruling.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
One of our primary financial objectives is to maintain sufficient liquidity to provide flexibility to pursue our growth strategies and ensure the smooth functioning of our existing businesses. At December 31, 2007, our shareholders' equity plus minority interest exceeds our long-lived assets by $3,282 million, and our total debt to capitalization was 34%. Our current ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, was 1.64 and 1.86 at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively.
Cash and Readily Marketable Inventories. Cash and cash equivalents were $981 million at December 31, 2007 and $365 million at December 31, 2006. Of these amounts, $449 million and $65 million, respectively, was held at Fosfertil, a non-wholly owned, publicly-traded subsidiary in Brazil, which is included in our consolidated financial statements. Cash and cash equivalents at Fosfertil are generally not made available to reduce indebtedness incurred at other Bunge companies until a dividend distribution is made by Fosfertil.
Included in our inventories were readily marketable inventories of $3,358 million at December 31, 2007 and $2,325 million at December 31, 2006. Readily marketable inventories are agricultural commodity inventories, which are readily convertible to cash because of their commodity characteristics, widely available markets and international pricing mechanisms. Inventories at December 31, 2007 increased from December 31, 2006 primarily due to higher agricultural commodity prices in 2007.
Long-Term and Short-Term Debt. We conduct most of our financing activities through a centralized financing structure, designed to act as our central treasury, which enables us and our subsidiaries to borrow more efficiently. This structure includes a master trust facility, the primary assets of which consist of intercompany loans made to Bunge Limited and its subsidiaries. Certain of Bunge Limited's 100%-owned subsidiaries fund the master trust with long- and short-term debt obtained from third parties, including through our commercial paper program. Borrowings by these subsidiaries carry full, unconditional guarantees by Bunge Limited.
Our short-term and long-term debt increased by $1,063 million at December 31, 2007 from December 31, 2006, primarily to finance higher working capital levels. The increase in working capital was primarily caused by higher prices for agricultural commodities. To finance working capital, we use cash flows generated from operations, short-term borrowings, including our commercial paper program, borrowings under various long-term bank facilities as well as proceeds from the issuance of senior notes. Generally, during periods when commodity prices are high, our operations require increased levels of working capital, which results in higher debt levels.
At December 31, 2007, we had approximately $3,050 million of aggregate committed borrowing capacity under our commercial paper program and revolving credit facilities, of which $1,772 million was unused and available at December 31, 2007. The following table summarizes committed borrowing facilities and outstanding amounts at the period end dates specified:
(US$ in millions) |
Maturities |
December 31, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 |
Total availability December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial Paper | 2012 | $ | 153 | $ | 90 | $ | 600 | ||||
Revolving Credit Facilities(1) | 2008-2010 | 1,125 | 455 | 2,450 | |||||||
Total | $ | 1,278 | $ | 545 | $ | 3,050 | |||||
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under the revolving credit facilities are generally short-term in nature, bear interest at variable rates and can be repaid or renewed as each individual borrowing matures.
At December 31, 2007, we had $153 million outstanding under our $600 million commercial paper program, which is supported by committed back-up bank credit lines of $600 million with a number of lending institutions that are rated at least A-1 by S&P and P-1 by Moody's Investor Service. In June 2007, we extended the maturity of these committed back-up bank credit lines for a five-year period to June 2012. These credit lines permit Bunge to, at its option, set up direct borrowings or issue commercial paper in an aggregate amount of $600 million. The cost of borrowing under the committed back-up bank credit lines would be higher than the cost of borrowing under our commercial paper program. At December 31, 2007, no borrowings were outstanding under these committed back-up bank credit lines.
In November 2007, we entered into a $1 billion, 364-day revolving credit agreement with a number of lending institutions. Borrowings under the facility, which expires in November 2008, are to be used for general corporate purposes. There were no borrowings outstanding under this facility at December 31, 2007.
In addition to the committed credit facilities discussed above, from time to time we enter into uncommitted short-term credit lines with lending institutions. These credit lines are negotiated as we deem necessary based on our liquidity requirements. At December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, $0 and $225 million, respectively, were outstanding under such short-term credit lines and are included in short-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets.
In March 2007, we completed the sale of $250 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes bearing interest at 5.90% per year that mature in April 2017 (senior notes due 2017). The senior notes due 2017 were issued by our indirect, 100%-owned finance subsidiary, Bunge N.A. Finance L.P., and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Bunge Limited. Interest on the senior notes due 2017 is payable semi-annually in arrears in April and October of each year, commencing in October 2007. We used the net proceeds of this offering, of approximately $247 million, after deducting underwriters' commissions and offering expenses, to repay outstanding indebtedness.
Through our subsidiaries, we have various other short- and long-term debt facilities at fixed and variable interest rates denominated in U.S. dollars, Euros, Brazilian reais, and other local currencies. A summary of these facilities is shown in the table below.
(US$ in millions) |
December 31, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-term debt at subsidiaries | $ | 334 | $ | 139 | ||
Long-term debt at subsidiaries | 231 | 195 | ||||
Total(1) | $ | 565 | $ | 334 | ||
In November 2007, Fitch Ratings revised the outlook on the BBB credit rating of our unsecured guaranteed senior notes to stable from negative. Also in November 2007, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services (S&P) confirmed the BBB- (stable outlook) credit rating on our unsecured guaranteed senior notes. In addition, our unsecured guaranteed senior notes carry a rating of "Baa2 with a negative outlook" from Moody's Investor Service. Our debt agreements do not have any credit ratings downgrade triggers that would accelerate the maturity of our debt. However, credit rating downgrades would increase our borrowing costs under our credit facilities and, depending on their severity, could affect our ability to renew existing or to obtain new credit facilities or access the capital markets in the
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future on favorable terms. We may also be required to post collateral or provide third-party credit support under certain agreements as a result of such downgrades. A significant increase in our borrowing costs could impair our ability to compete effectively in our business relative to competitors with lower amounts of indebtedness and/or higher credit ratings.
Our credit facilities and certain senior notes require us to comply with specified financial covenants related to minimum net worth, minimum current ratio, a maximum debt to capitalization ratio and indebtedness at the subsidiary level. We were in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2007.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements. At December 31, 2007, we had various interest rate swap agreements with a total notional amount of $1,150 million for the purpose of managing our interest rate exposure on a portion of our fixed rate senior notes. Under the terms of interest rate swaps, we make payments based on six-month LIBOR and we receive payments based on the fixed rates of the associated senior notes. The maturity of the interest rate swap agreements correspond with the maturity of the associated fixed rate senior notes.
In 2007, we entered into interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $250 million maturing in April 2017 and a notional amount of $200 million maturing in May 2013 for the purpose of managing our interest rate exposure associated with the senior notes due 2017 and $200 million of the $300 million principal amount of our senior notes due 2013, respectively. Under the terms of the interest rate swaps, we will make payments based on six-month LIBOR and will receive payments based on fixed interest rates. We have accounted for these interest rate swap agreements as fair value hedges in accordance with SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS No. 133). During 2007, we also terminated certain interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $500 million and $200 million maturing in 2008 and 2013, respectively. As a result of the swap terminations, we realized a net settlement loss of approximately $4 million that was recorded as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the related debt in the consolidated balance sheet. This settlement loss will be amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the associated debt instruments.
In January 2008, we terminated our outstanding interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $1,150 million maturing in 2014, 2015 and 2017 and received approximately $49 million in cash, which was comprised of $1 million of accrued interest and a $48 million gain on the net settlement of the swap agreements. The $1 million of accrued interest was recognized in 2007 as a reduction of interest expense in the consolidated statement of income and $20 million of the gain was recognized as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the related debt in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2007. The $48 million gain will be amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the debt.
Shareholders' Equity. Shareholders' equity increased to $7,945 million at December 31, 2007 from $5,668 million at December 31, 2006, as a result of net income of $778 million, $845 million received from the sale of preference shares, $46 million from the issuance of our common shares relating to the exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of restricted stock units that had vested, $42 million related to stock-based compensation expense, and other comprehensive income of $732 million, which includes foreign exchange translation gains of $731 million. This increase was partially offset by $46 million relating to the initial adoption of FIN 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, dividends paid to common shareholders of $80 million and accrued dividends to preference shareholders of $40 million during the year ended December 31, 2007.
In November 2007, we sold 862,500 shares of 5.125% cumulative mandatory convertible preference shares in a public offering, for which we received net proceeds of approximately $845 million after underwriting discounts and commissions, which was used to repay indebtedness. The annual dividend on each mandatory convertible preference share will be $51.25 and will be payable quarterly. Each mandatory convertible preference share has an initial liquidation preference of $1,000, which will be
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adjusted for any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Each mandatory convertible preference share will automatically convert on December 1, 2010, into between 8.219 and 9.6984 Bunge Limited common shares. Each mandatory convertible preference share is also convertible at any time before December 1, 2010, at the holder's option, into 8.219 Bunge Limited common shares. The conversion rates are subject to anti-dilution adjustments.
Cash Flows
2007 Compared to 2006. In 2007, our cash and cash equivalents balance increased $616 million, reflecting the net impact of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, compared to an $11 million increase in our cash and cash equivalents balance in 2006.
Our operating activities used cash of $411 million in 2007, compared to cash used of $289 million in 2006.
Our cash flow from operations varies depending on the timing of the acquisition of, and the market prices for, agribusiness commodity inventories and the existence of a positive carrying structure in the market for agricultural commodities, which encourages commodity merchandisers to hold inventories. The decrease in the cash flow from operating activities is primarily due to higher levels of working capital. The higher levels of working capital are primarily attributable to an increase in readily marketable commodity inventories and trade accounts receivable partially offset by increased accounts payable resulting from higher commodity prices and increased purchases in North and South America and Europe.
Generally, during periods when commodity prices are high, our operations require increased levels of working capital and our customers will, in many cases, reduce the volume of agricultural commodity forward sales contracts with us in anticipation that prices will decline. As a result, we are dependent on exchange-traded futures to minimize the effects of changes in the prices of agricultural commodities on our agribusiness inventories and agricultural forward purchase contracts. Typically, futures exchanges require daily settlements on outstanding futures positions. As a result of the rising prices of agricultural commodities, we have experienced significant cash payment obligations required to settle our daily outstanding net futures positions.
Historically, our operating activities use cash in the first half of the year due to purchases of the South American harvest, which occurs in March, April and May. In addition, in the first half of the year we also build fertilizer inventories in anticipation of sales to farmers who typically purchase the bulk of their fertilizer needs in the second half of the year. Also during the first half of the year, North American and European "old" crop inventories harvested and purchased in September, October and November of the previous year are at their lowest level.
Our operating activities have historically provided cash flow in the second half of the year, but they can vary depending upon the amount of advances made to farmers in Brazil and the amount of North American and European "new" crops purchased during the September, October and November harvest periods. In addition, most of the South American inventories acquired during the March, April and May harvest period have been sold.
For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, the foreign exchange gain on debt was $285 million and $175 million, respectively, and these were included as an adjustment to reconcile net income to cash used in operating activities in the line item "Foreign exchange gain on debt" in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Our Brazilian subsidiaries are primarily funded with intercompany, U.S. dollar-denominated debt. The functional currency of our Brazilian subsidiaries is the local currency, the Brazilian real. These U.S. dollar-denominated intercompany loans are remeasured into their respective functional currencies at exchange rates at the applicable balance sheet date. The resulting gain or loss is included in our consolidated statements of income as a foreign exchange gain or loss. However, foreign exchange gains or losses on these U.S. dollar-denominated
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intercompany loans do not impact our cash flows from operating activities, but are included as an adjustment to reconcile net income to cash (used for) provided by operating activities.
Cash used for investing activities was $794 million in 2007, compared to cash used of $611 million in 2006. Payments made for capital expenditures included investments in property, plant and equipment totaling $658 million and consisted primarily of additions under our capital expenditure plan. Capital expenditures in 2007 related to replacement of existing equipment in order to maintain current production capacity, efficiency improvements to reduce costs, equipment upgrades and business expansion.
Acquisitions of businesses and intangible assets for 2007 included $101 million cash paid for the acquisition of a sugarcane mill and ethanol production facility in Brazil, $23 million for a product brand in Brazil and $28 million for two packaged oil brands and a refining and crushing plant in Europe. In 2006, acquisitions of business and other intangible assets include the acquisition of an agribusiness company in China for $26 million and $43 million for a port terminal in Brazil.
Investments in affiliates for 2007 included $32 million of additional investments in biofuels joint ventures in North and South America. For 2006, investments in affiliates included primarily $16 million to acquire a 25% ownership interest in a company that manufactures edible oil products in Russia, an additional investment of $35 million in our existing Brazilian port terminal joint ventures and $28 million of investments in various renewable energy joint ventures in the United States.
Proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment in 2007 and 2006 of $55 million and $49 million, respectively, primarily included amounts received from the sale of land. Investing activities in 2007 included proceeds from the sale of investments of $22 million from the sale of shares held in the CME Group, a combined entity created by the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade. Investing activities in 2006 included capital returns of $18 million primarily from our Solae joint venture and the collection of an $11 million note receivable from our DII biodiesel joint venture.
Cash provided by financing activities was $1,762 million in 2007, compared to cash provided of $891 million in 2006. In 2007 and 2006, we increased our borrowings by $922 million and $299 million, respectively, primarily to finance our working capital requirements. We also received net proceeds of $845 million and $667 million from the issuance of convertible preference shares in 2007 and 2006, respectively. Dividends paid to our common shareholders in 2007 were $80 million and $74 million in 2006. Dividends paid to holders of our convertible preference shares were $34 million in 2007.
2006 Compared to 2005. In 2006, our cash and cash equivalents balance increased $11 million, reflecting the net impact of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, compared to a $78 million decrease in our cash and cash equivalents balance in 2005.
Our operating activities used cash of $289 million in 2006, compared to cash provided of $382 million in 2005. The decrease in the cash flow from operating activities is primarily due to higher levels of working capital. The higher levels of working capital is primarily attributable to higher soybean purchases in the United States and Brazil and a positive carrying structure in the market for agricultural commodities.
Cash used for investing activities was $611 million in 2006, compared to cash used of $480 million in 2005. Payments made for capital expenditures included investments in property, plant and equipment that totaled $503 million and consisted primarily of additions under our normal capital expenditure plan.
In 2006, acquisitions of business and other intangible assets included the acquisition of two agribusiness companies in China and a port terminal in Brazil. Acquisitions of business and other intangibles in 2005 were $50 million, which included $23 million from the Ideal premium packaged oil brand in Russia and $13 million from the acquisition of a controlling interest in an integrated soybean crushing and refining plant in the port city of Rizhao, China.
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Investments in affiliates included in 2006 included $16 million for a 25% ownership interest in a company that manufactures edible oil products in Russia, additional investments of $35 million in our existing Brazilian port terminal joint ventures and $28 million of investments in various renewable energy joint ventures in the United States. Investments in affiliates in 2005 of $18 million primarily included an investment in a port terminal joint venture in Brazil.
Proceeds from the disposal of property, plant and equipment in 2006 and 2005 were primarily from sales of land. Investing activities in 2006 and 2005 also included capital returns primarily from our Solae joint venture.
Cash provided by financing activities was $891 million in 2006 compared to cash provided of $21 million in 2005. In 2006, we increased our borrowings by $299 million, and we received net proceeds of $677 million from the issuance of convertible preference shares. Dividends paid to our common shareholders in 2006 were $74 million and $63 million in 2005.
Brazilian Farmer Credit
Fertilizer Segment Accounts Receivable. In our fertilizer segment, customer accounts receivable typically have repayment terms of up to 180 days. The actual due dates are individually determined based upon when a farmer purchases our fertilizer and the anticipated date for the harvest and sale of the farmer's crop, as the farmer's cash flow is seasonal and is typically generated after the crop is harvested. The payment terms for these accounts receivable are often renegotiated if there is a crop failure or the cash flows generated from the harvest are not adequate for the farmer to repay balances due to us.
Brazilian farm economics in 2005 and 2006 were adversely affected by volatility in soybean prices, poor crop quality and yields in certain regions and a steadily appreciating Brazilian real. Certain Brazilian farmers responded to these conditions by delaying payment on outstanding amounts owed to farm input suppliers. Higher crop prices in 2007, driven partially by anticipated demand increases for corn and vegetable oils to support growing food and biofuels demand and by certain global production shortfalls in wheat, corn and oilseeds, have contributed to an improvement in Brazilian farm economics. However, some Brazilian farmers continue to face high unpaid debt balances and a strong Brazilian real. In addition, crop input prices were significantly higher in 2007 than 2006. As a result of these factors and our review of individual accounts receivable balances, we have increased our allowance for doubtful accounts in the fertilizer segment. While we expect farm economics in Brazil to continue to improve, the recovery process for some farmers will likely extend beyond one crop cycle. Below is a table of our fertilizer segment current and non-current trade accounts receivable balances and the related allowances for doubtful accounts as of the dates indicated:
|
December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(US$ in millions, except percentages) |
|||||||
2007 |
2006 |
||||||
Trade accounts receivable | $ | 857 | $ | 746 | |||
Allowance for doubtful accounts | 211 | 144 | |||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of trade accounts receivable | 25 | % | 19 | % | |||
We evaluate the collectibility of our trade accounts receivable and record allowances for doubtful accounts if we determine that collection is doubtful. We base our determination of the allowance on analyses of credit quality for specific accounts, considering also the economic and financial condition of the farming industry and other market conditions. We continue to monitor the economic environment and events taking place in Brazil and will adjust this allowance in the future depending upon changes in circumstances. In addition, we have tightened our credit policies to reduce exposure to higher risk accounts and we have increased our collateral requirements for certain customers. Based on our
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collectibility evaluation during 2007, we reclassified $154 million of certain accounts receivable from trade accounts receivable to other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. This reclassification reflects the non-current portion of outstanding trade receivables that have been renegotiated with farmers. As of December 31, 2007, the balance of the non-current accounts receivable was $331 million and the related non-current allowance for doubtful accounts was $189 million.
In addition to our fertilizer trade accounts receivable, we issue guarantees to financial institutions in Brazil relating to amounts owed the institutions by certain of our customers. Related amounts totaled $249 million at December 31, 2007. The terms of the guarantees are equal to the terms of the related financing arrangements, which can range from 120 days to five years. In the event that the customers default on their payments to the institutions and we would be required to perform under the guarantees, we have obtained collateral from the customers. At December 31, 2007, $196 million of these financing arrangements were collateralized by tangible property. We evaluate the likelihood of the customer repayments of the amounts due to financial institutions and we record an obligation if we determine collection is doubtful. During 2007, we paid $15 million to the financial institutions as a result of customer defaults on the amounts they owe to the institutions. Included in total trade accounts receivable of $857 million at December 31, 2007 were partially collateralized non-current accounts receivable of $142 million relating to customer defaults under this program that occurred primarily in 2005 and 2006 for which we have related reserves for doubtful accounts of $38 million.
Secured Advances to Farmers and Suppliers and Prepaid Commodity Contracts. We purchase soybeans through prepaid commodity purchase contracts, specifically with prepayments in advance of crop deliveries, and secured advances to farmers in Brazil. These financing arrangements are typically secured by the farmer's future crop and mortgages on the farmer's land and other assets and are generally settled after the farmer's crop is harvested and sold. At December 31, 2007, we had $1,163 million in outstanding prepaid commodity purchase contracts and secured advances to farmers in Brazil compared to $866 million at December 31, 2006. The increase in the balance resulted primarily from higher farmer crop input costs. The allowance for uncollectible advances totaled $52 million at December 31, 2007 and $40 million at December 31, 2006. We closely monitor the collectibility of these advances. Against these outstanding balances owed to us, we also had $22 million and $35 million, as of December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively, recorded as accounts payable to these farmers reflecting soybeans which had been delivered by the farmers to our facilities. Interest earned on secured advances to suppliers of $57 million, $78 million and $102 million for 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, is included in net sales in the consolidated statements of income.
Included in the outstanding balances for prepaid commodity purchase contracts and secured advances to farmers at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 were long-term secured advances to suppliers of $379 million and $258 million, respectively. We extend secured advances to suppliers on a long-term basis as Brazilian producers increase acreage used for the production of agricultural commodities. These advances are used by our suppliers to invest in the cultivation of newly-converted land and other supplies needed for the production of agricultural commodities. Often these new production areas will take two to three years to reach normal yields. The repayment terms of our long-term secured advances to suppliers generally range from two to three years. This program is intended to assure the future supply of agricultural commodities from the increased acreage.
Included in the long-term secured advances to suppliers are advances that were renegotiated from their original terms, equal to an aggregate of $48 million and $54 million at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. These renegotiated advances are generally collateralized by a farmer's future crops and a mortgage on such farmer's land, buildings and equipment. Also included in long-term secured advances to suppliers are advances for which we have initiated legal action to collect the outstanding balance, equal to an aggregate of $245 million and $104 million at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. Collections being pursued through legal action largely reflect loans made for the 2005 and 2006 crops.
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Capital Expenditures
Our cash payments made for capital expenditures were $658 million in 2007, $503 million in 2006 and $522 million in 2005. In 2007, major capital projects included the expansion of oilseed processing capabilities and construction of a new refinery in Canada, continued construction of port facilities in Brazil, expansion of Brazilian phosphate rock production capacity and a new wheat mill, and expansion of our sugar production facility in Brazil.
In 2006, major capital projects included the construction of a new refinery in Canada, construction of two new oilseed processing plants in Spain, construction of port terminal facilities in Brazil and Argentina, expansion of Brazilian sulfuric and phosphoric acid production capacity, acquisition of silos in Eastern Europe and construction of new refining and oilseed processing capabilities in Eastern Europe. In addition, we incurred capital expenditures relating to several renewable energy projects in North America and Europe.
In 2005, major capital projects included the expansion of our Brazilian fertilizer blending, sulfuric and phosphoric acid production capacity, investments in export terminal operations in Brazil and Argentina, expansion of our oilseed processing capabilities and port facilities in Spain and Eastern Europe, and expansion of oilseed processing and grain origination capabilities in Russia and Ukraine.
We intend to invest approximately $1,000 million to $1,100 million in 2008, net of cash received on asset dispositions. Of this amount, we expect that approximately 30% will be used for sustaining current production capacity, safety and environmental programs. The other investments will be used to expand our sugar business, build new plants and improve oilseed processing logistics and plant operating efficiencies in Europe, expand and upgrade our mining, fertilizer production capacity and port facilities in the United States and Brazil, expand or acquire grain origination facilities in Europe and modernize certain of our edible oil refineries in Canada and Europe. We intend to fund our capital expenditures with cash flows from operations and available borrowings.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Guarantees
We have issued or were party to the following guarantees at December 31, 2007:
(US$ in millions) |
Maximum Potential Future Payments |
||
---|---|---|---|
Operating lease residual values(1) | $ | 36 | |
Unconsolidated affiliates financing(2) | 15 | ||
Customer financing(3) | 249 | ||
Total | $ | 300 | |
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of the related financing, which matures in 2009. There are no recourse provisions or collateral that would enable us to recover any amounts paid under this guarantee from our unconsolidated affiliates.
In addition, we have provided full and unconditional parent-level guarantees of the indebtedness outstanding under certain senior credit facilities and senior notes entered into, or issued by, its 100%-owned subsidiaries. At December 31, 2007, debt with a carrying amount of $3,679 million related to these guarantees is included in our consolidated balance sheets. This debt includes the senior notes issued by two of our 100%-owned finance subsidiaries, Bunge Limited Finance Corp. and Bunge N.A. Finance L.P. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of Bunge Limited Finance Corp., Bunge N.A. Finance L.P. or any other Bunge subsidiary to transfer funds to us.
One of our subsidiaries has provided a guarantee of indebtedness to one of its subsidiaries. The total debt outstanding as of December 31, 2007 was $96 million, which was recorded as long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities
Certain of our European subsidiaries have an established accounts receivable securitization facility (Euro securitization facility). Through the Euro securitization facility, our European subsidiaries may offer to sell and the investor has the option to buy, without recourse, on a monthly basis certain eligible trade accounts receivable up to a maximum amount of Euro 200 million. Eligible accounts receivable are based on accounts receivable in certain designated European countries. We account for the transfers/sales of accounts receivable under SFAS No. 140, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, and SFAS No. 156, Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assetsan amendment of FASB Statement No. 140. Our European subsidiaries retain collection and administrative responsibilities for the accounts receivable sold. At the time an account receivable is sold and title transferred, it is removed from the consolidated balance sheet and the proceeds are reflected in cash provided by operating activities. The discount rates on the accounts receivable sold are based on monthly EUR LIBOR plus 0.295% per annum, which includes the cost of the program and certain other administrative fees. In the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, we recognized approximately $13 million and $5 million, respectively, of expenses, in the consolidated statements of income, related to the securitization program in Europe.
The initial term of the Euro securitization facility expires in 2010, but may be terminated earlier upon the occurrence of certain limited circumstances. Our European subsidiaries retain beneficial interests in certain accounts receivable that do not qualify as sales under SFAS No. 140 and SFAS No. 156. The beneficial interests are subordinate to the investors' interests and are valued at historical cost, which approximate fair value. The beneficial interests are recorded in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
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As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, we sold approximately $338 million and $171 million, respectively, of accounts receivable to the Euro securitization facility, of which we have retained $113 million and $44 million, respectively, beneficial interest in certain accounts receivable that did not qualify as a sale. In addition, we recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $7 million and $4 million against the beneficial interest at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
We also have two revolving accounts receivable securitization facilities, through our wholly owned North American operating subsidiaries. Through agreements with certain financial institutions, we may sell, on a revolving basis, undivided percentage ownership interests (undivided interests) in designated pools of accounts receivable without recourse up to a maximum amount of approximately $226 million. Collections reduce accounts receivable included in the pools, and are used to purchase new receivables, which become part of the pools. The $150 million facility expires in 2008 and the $76 million facility expires in 2012. Both programs have an option to renew. The discount rates approximate the 30-day commercial paper rate plus annual commitment fees ranging from 27.5 to 40 basis points in 2007.
During 2007 and 2006, the outstanding undivided interests averaged $174 million and $150 million, respectively. We retain collection and administrative responsibilities for the accounts receivable in the pools. We recognized $10 million, $9 million and $5 million in related expenses for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of income.
In addition, we retain interests in the pools of accounts receivable not sold. Due to the short-term nature of the accounts receivable, our retained interests in the pools are valued at historical cost, which approximate fair value. The full amount of the allowance for doubtful accounts has been retained in our consolidated balance sheets since collections of all pooled accounts receivable are first utilized to reduce the outstanding undivided interests. Accounts receivable at December 31, 2007 and 2006 were net of $226 million and $171 million, respectively, representing the outstanding undivided interests in pooled accounts receivable.
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our scheduled contractual obligations and their expected maturities at December 31, 2007, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in the future periods indicated.
|
At December 31, 2007 |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contractual Obligations(1) |
Total |
Less than 1 Year |
1-3 Years |
3-5 Years |
After 5 Years |
||||||||||
|
(US$ in millions) |
||||||||||||||
Commercial paper borrowings(1) | $ | 153 | $ | 153 | $ | | $ | | $ | | |||||
Other short-term borrowings(1) | 437 | 437 | | | | ||||||||||
Variable rate interest obligations | 39 | 39 | | | | ||||||||||
Long-term debt(1) | 3,957 | 552 | 1,280 | 880 | 1,245 | ||||||||||
Fixed interest rate obligations | 834 | 158 | 250 | 246 | 180 | ||||||||||
Non-cancelable lease obligations | 1,489 | 170 | 314 | 259 | 746 | ||||||||||
Freight supply agreements(2) | 2,386 | 512 | 362 | 207 | 1,305 | ||||||||||
Inventory purchase commitments | 2,069 | 2,068 | 1 | | | ||||||||||
Uncertain income tax positions(3) | 197 | 11 | | 186 | | ||||||||||
Total contractual obligations | $ | 11,561 | $ | 4,100 | $ | 2,207 | $ | 1,778 | $ | 3,476 | |||||
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is available. These agreements range from 2 months to 4 years in the case of ocean freight vessels and 8 to 20 years in the case of railroad services. Actual amounts paid under these contracts may differ due to the variable components of these agreements and the amount of income earned by us on the sale of excess capacity. The railroad freight services agreements require a minimum monthly payment regardless of the actual level of freight services used by us. The costs of our freight supply agreements are typically passed through to our customers as a component of the prices we charge for our products. However, changes in the market value of freight compared to the rates at which we have contracted for freight may affect margins on the sales of agricultural commodities.
Pursuant to an agreement between us and a third party, we were granted an option to purchase and the third party was granted an option to sell to us, a grain shipping terminal in Europe for $55 million. This option could be exercised by either party at specified time periods beginning in May 2007. In the second quarter of 2007, both we and the third party gave notice of our intentions to exercise the options. However, the parties are in dispute regarding certain terms of the transfer of the terminal and the implementation of the transfer. We have initiated arbitration proceedings to clarify such matters.
Employee Benefit Plans
We expect to contribute $24 million to our defined benefit pension plans and $8 million to our post-retirement healthcare benefit plans in 2008.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We believe that the application of the following accounting policies, which are important to our financial position and results of operations, requires significant judgments and estimates on the part of management. For a summary of all of our accounting policies, including the accounting policies discussed below, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Allowances for Uncollectible Accounts
We evaluate the collectibility of our trade accounts receivable and secured advances to suppliers and record allowances for uncollectible accounts if we have determined that collection is doubtful. We base our determination of the allowance for uncollectible accounts on historical experience, market conditions, current trends and any specific customer collection issues that we have identified. Different assumptions, changes in economic circumstances or the deterioration of the financial condition of our customers could result in additional provisions to the allowance for uncollectible accounts and an increase in bad debt expense. At December 31, 2007, our allowances for uncollectible current and non-current trade accounts receivable and secured advances to suppliers were $285 million and $52 million, respectively. At December 31, 2006, our allowances for uncollectible current and non-current trade accounts receivable and secured advances to suppliers were $224 million and $40 million, respectively. We continue to monitor the economic environment and events taking place in the applicable countries and will adjust these reserves in the future depending upon significant changes in circumstances.
Recoverable Taxes
We evaluate the collectibility of our recoverable taxes and record valuation allowances if we determine that collection is doubtful. Recoverable taxes primarily represent value-added taxes paid on the acquisition of raw materials and other services which can be recovered in cash or as compensation of outstanding balances against income taxes or certain other taxes we may owe. Management's
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assumption about the collectibility of recoverable taxes requires significant judgment because it involves an assessment of the ability and willingness of the applicable federal or local government to refund the taxes. The balance of these allowances fluctuates depending on the sales activity of existing inventories, purchases of new inventories, seasonality, changes in applicable tax rates, cash payment by the applicable government agencies and compensation of outstanding balances against income or certain other taxes owed to the applicable governments. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, the allowance for recoverable taxes was $135 million and $42 million, respectively. We continue to monitor the economic environment and events taking place in the applicable countries and will adjust these reserves in the future depending upon significant changes in circumstances.
Inventories and Derivatives
To the extent we consider it prudent for minimizing risk, we use derivative instrument contracts for the purpose of managing the exposures associated with agricultural commodity prices, energy and ocean freight costs, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We are exposed to loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to these contracts. The risk of non-performance is routinely monitored and provisions recorded, if necessary, to account for potential non-performance. Different assumptions, changes in economic circumstances or the deterioration of the financial condition of the counterparties to these contracts could result in additional provisions and increased expense reflected in cost of goods sold, foreign exchange or interest expense. We did not have significant allowances relating to non-performance by counterparties at December 31, 2007 and 2006.
The majority of our merchandisable agricultural commodity inventories, forward fixed-price purchase and sale contracts, and exchange-traded futures and options contracts are valued at estimated market values. These merchandisable agricultural commodities are freely-traded, have quoted market prices and may be sold without significant additional processing. We estimate market values based on exchange-quoted prices, adjusted for differences in local markets. Changes in the market values of these inventories and contracts are recognized in our consolidated statements of income as a component of cost of goods sold. If we used different methods or factors to estimate market values, amounts reported as inventories and unrealized gains and losses on derivative contracts in the consolidated balance sheets and cost of goods sold could differ. Additionally, if market conditions change subsequent to year-end, amounts reported in future periods as inventories, unrealized gains and losses on derivative contracts and cost of goods sold could differ.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Other Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. When facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying values of property, plant and equipment assets may be impaired, an evaluation of recoverability is performed by comparing the carrying value of the assets to the projected future cash flows to be generated by such assets. If it appears that the carrying value of our assets is not recoverable, we recognize an impairment loss as a charge against results of operations. Our judgments related to the expected useful lives of property, plant and equipment assets and our ability to realize undiscounted cash flows in excess of the carrying amount of such assets are affected by factors such as the ongoing maintenance of the assets, changes in economic conditions and changes in operating performance. As we assess the ongoing expected cash flows and carrying amounts of our property, plant and equipment assets, changes in these factors could cause us to realize material impairment charges.
In 2007, we recorded pretax impairment charges of $22 million, $35 million, and $13 million in our agribusiness, edible oil products and milling products segments, respectively, relating to write-downs of smaller, older and less efficient facilities. These included four oilseed processing, refining and packaging facilities in Europe, an oilseed processing facility and an edible oil products packaging facility in the United States, one wheat milling facility in Brazil and one corn milling facility in Canada. The declining
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results of operations of these facilities, as well as our additions of new, larger and better located facilities in recent years, led management to reach a decision to permanently close all or substantial portions of these facilities. In addition to the facility impairments, 2007 pretax impairment charges included $11 million impairments related to certain brands and other intangible assets in India as a result of declining returns on those assets.
In 2006, we recorded pretax impairment charges of $18 million and $2 million in our agribusiness and edible oil products segments, respectively, relating to write-downs of three smaller, older and less efficient oilseed processing, refining and packaging facilities, in Brazil. Declining results of operations at these facilities, which resulted from adverse operating conditions in the Brazilian agribusiness industry, competition from Argentina and the strength of the Brazilian currency, led management to permanently close these three facilities.
In 2005, we recorded pretax impairment charges in our agribusiness segment of $35 million relating to certain South American oilseed processing facilities, which have been closed due to a deteriorating operating environment caused by industry over capacity, and $3 million relating to an oilseed processing plant in India.
Investments in Affiliates
We continually review our equity investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below the cost basis is other-than-temporary. We consider various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time that the fair value of the investment is less than our carrying value, the financial condition, operating performance and near term prospects of the investment, which include general market conditions specific to the investment or the industry in which it operates, and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery in fair value. We did not have any significant impairment charges relating to our equity investments in 2007, 2006 and 2005.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the costs of businesses acquired over the fair market value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (SFAS No. 142), requires that goodwill be tested for impairment annually. In assessing the recovery of goodwill, projections regarding estimated discounted future cash flows, market place data and other factors are used to determine the fair value of the reporting units and the respective assets. Our reporting units, which are our operating segments, in which we have recorded goodwill, are agribusiness, edible oil products and milling products. These projections are based on historical data, anticipated market conditions and management plans. If these estimates or related projections change in the future, we may be required to record additional impairment charges. In the fourth quarter of 2007, we performed our annual impairment test and recognized a $13 million impairment of goodwill related to our packaged oil brands in Europe and Asia in the edible oils product segment. The impairments were a result of a decline in the market conditions in Asia and our continued business realignment in Europe.
Contingencies
We are a party to a large number of claims and lawsuits, primarily tax and labor claims in Brazil, arising in the normal course of business, and have accrued our estimate of the probable costs to resolve these claims. This estimate has been developed in consultation with in-house and outside counsel and is based on an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. Future results of operations for any particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected
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by changes in our assumptions or the effectiveness of our strategies relating to these proceedings. For more information on tax and labor claims in Brazil, please see "Item 3. Legal Proceedings."
Employee Benefit Plans
We sponsor various U.S. and foreign pension and post-retirement benefit plans. In connection with the plans, we make various assumptions in the determination of projected benefit obligations and expense recognition related to pension and post-retirement obligations. Key assumptions include discount rates, rates of return on plan assets, asset allocations and rates of future compensation increases. Management develops its assumptions based on its experience and by reference to market related data. All assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted as necessary.
A one percentage point decrease in the assumed discount rate on our defined benefit pension plans would increase annual expense and the projected benefit obligation by $9 million and $111 million, respectively. A one percentage point increase or decrease in the long-term return assumptions on our defined benefit pension plan assets would increase or decrease annual pension expense by $5 million.
Income Taxes
We record valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that we are likely to realize. We consider projections of future taxable income and prudent tax planning strategies to assess the need for and the size of the valuation allowances. If we determine that we can realize a deferred tax asset in excess of our net recorded amount, we decrease the valuation allowance, thereby increasing net income. Conversely, if we determine that we are unable to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset, we increase the valuation allowance, thereby decreasing net income.
Prior to recording a valuation allowance, our deferred tax assets were $1,399 million and $1,115 million at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. However, we have recorded valuation allowances of $33 million and $40 million at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, primarily representing the uncertainty regarding the recoverability of certain net operating loss carryforwards.
In 2004, we merged and spun-off several 100%-owned European subsidiaries which generated statutory capital tax losses and the recognition of $60 million of net operating loss carryforwards. We had determined that it was more likely than not that the tax authorities would disallow the recognition of the statutory capital tax losses. Consequently, in 2004, we recorded a valuation allowance of $60 million. In 2006, the tax authorities conducted audits of the tax returns of the applicable entities, which included the statutory capital tax losses, and no additional tax assessments were made by the tax authorities. In addition, the statute of limitations for auditing the tax returns relating to the applicable returns that included the statutory capital tax losses expired on January 1, 2007. As a result, in 2006, we reversed deferred tax valuation allowances of $72 million, as we now believe that it is more likely than not that the net operating losses will be recovered. The increase from the amount recorded in 2004 of $60 million compared to $72 million reversed in 2005 represents the effects of foreign exchange translation adjustments. Offsetting the decrease in the reversal were additional valuation allowances of $5 million recorded in various entities relating to the recoverability of deferred tax assets.
In 2005, we decreased the valuation by $79 million as a result of the projected utilization of net operating loss carryforwards by our Brazilian subsidiaries. We were able to recognize these net operating loss carryforwards because of the legal restructuring of our Brazilian subsidiaries, increased statutory taxable income of these subsidiaries caused by the effects of the real appreciation and actions undertaken to recover the net operating loss carryforwards. Our tax planning strategies in Brazil involve the use of foreign currency derivatives, optimizing the capital structure of our Brazilian subsidiaries to make it more tax efficient and using U.S. dollar-denominated intercompany loans.
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On January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48). We apply a more likely than not threshold to the recognition and de-recognition of tax benefits. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether it is more likely than not additional taxes will be due. We adjust these liabilities in light of changing facts and circumstances; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. If our estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, an additional charge to expense would result. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be less than the recorded amounts, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when we determined the liabilities are no longer necessary. At December 31, 2007, we had recorded tax liabilities of $197 million in our consolidated balance sheet.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adoption of New Accounting PronouncementsIn July 2006, the FASB issued two related standards that address accounting for income taxes, FIN 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (FIN 48), and FSP FAS 13-2, Accounting for a Change in the Timing of Cash Flows Relating to Income Taxes Generated by a Leveraged Lease Transaction (FSP FAS 13-2). Among other things, FIN 48 requires applying a "more likely than not" threshold to the recognition and de-recognition of tax positions, while FSP FAS 13-2 requires a recalculation of returns on leveraged leases if there is a change or projected change in the timing of cash flows relating to income taxes generated by the leveraged lease. The new guidance became effective for Bunge on January 1, 2007 (see Note 12 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements). The adoption of FSP FAS 13-2 did not have an impact on Bunge's 2007 consolidated financial statements. Prior periods were not be restated as a result of the adoption of these standards.
In March 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 156, Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assetsan amendment of FASB Statement No. 140 (SFAS No. 156), which is effective for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2006. SFAS No. 156 was issued to simplify the accounting for servicing rights and to reduce the volatility that results from using different measurement attributes. The adoption of SFAS No. 156 did not have a material impact on Bunge's 2007 consolidated financial statements.
In February 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instrumentsan amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140 (SFAS No. 155), which is effective for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2006. SFAS No. 155 was issued to clarify the application of SFAS No. 133 to beneficial interests in securitized financial assets and to improve the consistency of accounting for similar financial instruments, regardless of the form of the instruments. The adoption of SFAS No. 155 did not have a material impact on Bunge's 2007 consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting PronouncementsIn February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (SFAS No. 159), which permits an entity to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value. Pursuant to SFAS No. 159, entities that elect the fair value alternative will report unrealized gains and losses in earnings at each subsequent reporting date. The fair value alternative may be elected on an instrument-by-instrument basis, with a few exceptions, as long as it is applied to the instrument in its entirety. The fair value alternative election is irrevocable, unless a new election date occurs. Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value must be displayed on the face of the balance sheet. SFAS No. 159 is effective as of the beginning of an entity's first fiscal year beginning after November 15, 2007. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of the previous fiscal year provided that the entity (1) makes that choice in the first 120 days
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of that fiscal year, (2) has not yet issued financial statements and (3) elects to apply the provisions of SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements. Bunge is evaluating the provisions of SFAS No. 159 to determine the potential impact, if any, its adoption will have on Bunge's consolidated financial statements.
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 158, Employer's Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R) (SFAS No. 158). SFAS No. 158 amends SFAS No. 87, Employer's Accounting for Pensions, SFAS No. 88, Employer's Accounting for Settlements and Curtailments of Defined Benefit Pension Plans and for Termination Benefits, SFAS No. 106, Employer's Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions, and SFAS No. 132(R), Employer's Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. SFAS No. 158 requires an entity which sponsors defined postretirement benefit plans to: (1) recognize in its statement of financial position the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan, (2) measure a defined benefit postretirement plan's assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the employer's fiscal year and (3) recognize changes in the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan in comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur. On December 31, 2006, Bunge adopted the recognition and disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 158. The effect of adopting SFAS No. 158 on Bunge's financial condition at December 31, 2006 has been included in its consolidated financial statements. SFAS No. 158 did not have an effect on Bunge's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2005. The requirement to measure a defined benefit postretirement plan assets and benefit obligations as of the date of the employer's fiscal year-end statement of financial position is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2008 (see Note 17 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the effect of adopting SFAS No. 158 on our consolidated financial statements).
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (SFAS No. 157). SFAS No. 157 defines fair value, provides enhanced guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities under current U.S. GAAP standards and expands the disclosure of the methods used and the effect of fair value measurements on earnings. SFAS No. 157 applies whenever other U.S. GAAP standards require (or permit) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. SFAS No. 157 does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances. SFAS No. 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position FAS 157-1, "Application of SFAS No. 157 to SFAS No. 13 and Its Related Interpretative Accounting Pronouncements that Address Leasing Transactions" (FSP FAS 157-1) and FASB Staff Position FAS 157-2, "Effective Date of SFAS No. 157 " (FSP FAS 157-2). FSP FAS 157-1 excludes SFAS No. 13, Accounting for Leases, and its related interpretive accounting pronouncements that address leasing transactions, with the exception of fair value measurements of assets and liabilities recorded as a result of a lease transaction but measured pursuant to other pronouncements within the scope of SFAS No. 157. FSP FAS 157-2 delays the effective date of SFAS No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). FSP FAS 157-1 and FSP FAS 157-2 became effective for Bunge upon adoption of SFAS No. 157 on January 1, 2008. Bunge is currently evaluating the provisions of SFAS No. 157 and FSP 157-1 and 157-2 to determine the impact, if any, the adoption will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS No. 141(R)). SFAS No. 141(R) seeks to improve the relevance, representational faithfulness, and comparability of the information that a reporting entity provides in its financial reports about a business combination and its effects. SFAS No. 141(R) requires an acquirer to recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date, with limited exceptions. This Statement also requires the acquirer in a business combination achieved in stages to recognize the identifiable assets and liabilities,
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as well as the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, at the full amounts of their fair values. SFAS No. 141(R) requires an acquirer to recognize adjustments made during the measurement period to the acquired assets and liabilities as if they had occurred on the acquisition date and revise prior period financial statement in subsequent filings for changes. In addition, SFAS No. 141(R) requires that all acquisition related costs be expensed as incurred, rather than capitalized as part of the purchase price and those restructuring costs that an acquirer expected but was not obligated to incur to be recognized separately from the business combination. SFAS No. 141(R) applies prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Bunge will adopt SFAS No. 141(R) on January 1, 2009, as required, and Bunge is currently evaluating the impact of such adoption on Bunge's financial statements.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statementsan amendment of ARB No. 51 (SFAS No. 160). SFAS No. 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) 51 to establish accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling (minority) interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. It clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. SFAS No. 160 also requires consolidated net income to be reported at amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest on the face of the consolidated statement of income. Under SFAS No. 160, the accounting for changes in a parent's ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in deconsolidation must be accounted for as equity transactions for the difference between the parent's carrying value and the cash exchanged in the transaction. In addition, SFAS No. 160 also requires that a parent recognize a gain or loss in net income when a subsidiary is deconsolidated (except in the case of a spin-off), and requires expanded disclosures in the consolidated financial statements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent's ownership interest and the interests of the noncontrolling owners of a subsidiary. SFAS No. 160 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Bunge will adopt SFAS No. 160 on January 1, 2009, as required, and Bunge is currently evaluating the impact of such adoption on Bunge's consolidated financial statements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Risk Management
As a result of our global operating and financing activities, we are exposed to changes in agricultural commodity prices, transportation costs, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and energy costs which may affect our results of operations and financial position. We use derivative instruments for the purpose of managing the exposures associated with commodity prices, transportation costs, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and energy costs. While these hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value, those fluctuations are generally offset by the value of the underlying exposures being hedged. While the hedging positions are intended to minimize the volatility on operating profits, occasionally the hedging activity can result in earnings volatility, some of which may be material. The counter-parties to these contractual arrangements are primarily major financial institutions or, in the case of commodity futures and options, a commodity exchange. Certain hedges are executed through the over the counter market and related counterparty exposure is managed through credit analysis and review by a credit committee. As a result, credit risk arising from these contracts is not significant and we do not anticipate any significant losses. Our board of directors' finance and risk policy committee supervises, reviews and periodically revises our overall risk management policies and risk limits.
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Commodities Risk
We operate in many areas of the food industry, from agricultural raw materials to the production and sale of branded food products. As a result, we purchase and produce various materials, many of which are agricultural commodities, including soybeans, soybean oil, soybean meal, sunflower seed, rapeseed or canola, wheat and corn. Agricultural commodities are subject to price fluctuations due to a number of unpredictable factors that may create price risk. We are also subject to the risk of counter-party defaults under forward purchase or sale contracts.
We enter into various derivative contracts, primarily exchange-traded futures, with the objective of managing our exposure to adverse price movements in the agricultural commodities used for our business operations. We have established policies that limit the amount of unhedged fixed-price agricultural commodity positions permissible for our operating companies, which are a combination of quantity and value-at-risk limits. We measure and review our net commodities position on a daily basis.
Our daily net agricultural commodity position consists of inventory, related purchase and sale contracts, and exchange-traded contracts, including those used to hedge portions of our production requirements. The fair value of that position is a summation of the fair values calculated for each agricultural commodity by valuing each net position at quoted average futures prices for the period. Value-at-risk is calculated on the net position and monitored at the 95% and 99% confidence intervals. In addition, scenario analysis is performed on the portfolio. For example, one measure of market risk is estimated as the potential loss in fair value resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in prices. The results of this analysis, which may differ from actual results, are as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
Year Ended December 31, 2006 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(US$ in millions) |
Fair Value |
Market Risk |
Fair Value |
Market Risk |
|||||||||
Highest long position | $ | 889 | $ | (89 | ) | $ | 510 | $ | (51 | ) | |||
Highest short position | (85 | ) | (9 | ) | (322 | ) | (32 | ) |
Ocean Freight Risk
Ocean freight represents a significant portion of our operating costs. The market price for ocean freight varies depending on the supply and demand for ocean vessels, global economic conditions and other factors. We enter into time charter agreements for time on ocean freight vessels based on forecasted requirements for the purpose of transporting agricultural commodities. Our time charter agreements have terms ranging from two months to five years. We use derivative financial instruments to hedge portions of our ocean freight costs. The ocean freight derivatives are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value.
A substantial portion of the ocean freight derivatives have been designated as fair value hedges (in accordance with SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities) of our unrecognized firm commitment to purchase time on ocean freight vessels. Changes in the fair value of the ocean freight derivatives that are qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged firm commitment to purchase time on ocean freight vessels that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in earnings. For the year ended December 31, 2007, we recognized in cost of goods sold in our consolidated statements of income $340 million of gains on the firm commitments to purchase time on ocean freight vessels, which were offset by $340 million of losses on freight derivative contracts. There was no material gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statements of income for 2007 due to hedge ineffectiveness.
Currency Risk
Our global operations require active participation in foreign exchange markets. To reduce the risk arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations, we follow a policy of hedging monetary assets and
62
liabilities and commercial transactions with foreign currency exposure. Our primary exposure is related to our subsidiaries located in Brazil and Europe and to a lesser extent, Argentina, Canada and Asia. We enter into derivative financial instruments, such as forward contracts and swaps, and to a lesser extent, foreign currency options, to limit exposures to changes in foreign currency exchange rates with respect to our recorded foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities and our local currency operating expenses. We may also hedge other foreign currency exposures as deemed appropriate.
When determining our exposure, we exclude intercompany loans that are deemed to be permanently invested. The repayments of permanently invested intercompany loans are not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future and therefore are treated as analogous to equity for accounting purposes. As a result, the foreign exchange gains and losses on these borrowings are excluded from the determination of net income and recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. The balance of permanently invested intercompany borrowings was $1,401 million and $1,071 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are foreign exchange gains of $232 million and $171 million in the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, related to permanently invested intercompany loans.
For risk management purposes and to determine the overall level of hedging required, we further reduce the foreign exchange exposure determined above by the value of our agricultural commodities inventories. Our agricultural commodities inventories, because of their international pricing in U.S. dollars, provide a natural hedge to our currency exposure.
Our net currency positions, including currency derivatives, and our market risk, which is the potential loss from an adverse 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates, are set forth in the following table. In addition, we have provided an analysis of our foreign currency exposure after reducing the exposure for our agricultural commodities inventories. Actual results may differ from the information set forth below.
(US$ in millions) |
December 31, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazilian Operations (primarily exposure to U.S. dollar): | |||||||
Net currency (short) position, from financial instruments, including derivatives |
$ | (2,770 | ) | $ | (1,750 | ) | |
Market risk | (277 | ) | (175 | ) | |||
Agricultural commodities inventories | 1,926 | 1,312 | |||||
Net currency (short) position, less agricultural commodities inventories(1) | (844 | ) | (438 | ) | |||
Market risk(1) | $ | (84 | ) | $ | (44 | ) | |
Argentine Operations (primarily exposure to U.S. dollar): | |||||||
Net currency (short) position, from financial instruments, including derivatives |
$ | (354 | ) | $ | (171 | ) | |
Market risk | (35 | ) | (17 | ) | |||
Agricultural commodities inventories | 362 | 175 | |||||
Net currency long position, less agricultural commodities inventories | 8 | 4 | |||||
Market risk | $ | 1 | $ | | |||
European Operations (primarily exposure to U.S. dollar): | |||||||
Net currency (short) position, from financial instruments, including derivatives |
$ | (417 | ) | $ | (388 | ) | |
Market risk | (42 | ) | (38 | ) | |||
Agricultural commodities inventories | 575 | 330 | |||||
Net currency long (short) position, less agricultural commodities inventories | 158 | (58 | ) | ||||
Market risk | $ | 16 | $ | (6 | ) |
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commodities inventories at December 31, 2007 of $80 million. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion of the effects of foreign currency exchange rates on our Brazilian fertilizer segment results.
We use net investment hedges to offset the translation adjustments arising from remeasuring our investment in the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of our Brazilian subsidiaries. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as net investment hedges, we record the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2007, we had outstanding cross currency swaps with a notional value of $76 million to hedge our net investment in Brazilian assets. We pay Brazilian reais and receive U.S. dollars using fixed interest rates, offsetting the translation adjustment of our net investment in Brazilian reais assets. These swaps have maturity dates in 2008. At December 31, 2007, the fair value of these currency swaps was a loss of $17 million, which was recorded in other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. We recognized a loss of $10 million on the change in fair value on our outstanding net investment hedge and a loss of $45 million on the settlement of certain other net investment hedges for the year ended December 31, 2007, which were included as an offset against foreign exchange translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Interest Rate Risk
We issue debt in fixed and floating rate instruments. We are exposed to market risk due to changes in interest rates. The following table summarizes our total short-term and long-term debt exposure to interest rate risk at December 31, 2007:
|
Variable Rate Debt |
Fixed Rate Debt |
Total |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
(US$ in millions) |
|
||
$3,546 | $1,001 | $4,547 | |||
A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the interest rates of our debt at December 31, 2007 would result in a decrease in the fair value of our debt of approximately $38 million. Similarly, a decrease of 100 basis points in the interest rates of our debt at December 31, 2007 would cause an increase in the fair value of our debt of approximately $38 million.
In addition, a hypothetical 1% change in the LIBOR interest rates would result in a change in our interest expense of approximately $35 million. The calculation assumes that all long-term debt maturing within one year is variable rate debt in addition to the debt that carries a variable interest rate. Some of our variable rate debt is denominated in currencies other than in U.S. dollars and is indexed to non-U.S. dollar based interest rate indices, such as EURIBOR and TJLP. As such, the hypothetical 1% change in interest rate ignores the impact from any currency movements.
Interest Rate DerivativesWe use various derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk associated with outstanding or forecasted fixed and variable rate debt and debt issuances, including interest rate swaps, options, and futures as may be required.
The interest rate swaps used by us as derivative hedging instruments have been recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded currently in earnings. Additionally, the carrying amount of the associated debt is adjusted through earnings for changes in the fair value due to changes in interest rates. Ineffectiveness, as defined in SFAS No. 133, is recognized to the extent that these two adjustments do not offset. The derivatives we entered into for hedge purposes are assumed to be perfectly effective under the shortcut method of SFAS No. 133. The differential to be paid or received based on changes in interest rates is recorded as an adjustment to interest expense. The interest rate differential on the swaps settles in cash every six months until expiration.
64
In 2007, we entered into interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $250 million maturing in 2017 and a notional amount of $200 million maturing in 2013 for the purpose of managing our interest rate exposure associated with the senior notes due 2017 (see Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements) and $200 million of the $300 million principal amount of senior notes due 2013, respectively. Under the terms of the interest rate swap agreements, we make payments based on six-month LIBOR and receive payments based on fixed interest rates. We have accounted for the interest rate swap agreements as fair value hedges in accordance with SFAS No. 133.
In 2007, we terminated certain interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $500 million and $200 million maturing in 2008 and 2013, respectively. As a result of these swap terminations, we realized a net settlement loss of approximately $4 million that was recorded as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the related debt in the consolidated balance sheet. This settlement loss will be amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the associated debt instruments.
The following table summarizes our outstanding interest rate swap agreements accounted for as fair value hedges as of December 31, 2007.
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Gain December 31, |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maturity |
||||||||||||||
(US$ in millions) |
|||||||||||||||
2014 |
2015 |
2017 |
Total |
2007 |
|||||||||||
Receive fixed/pay variable notional amount | $ | 500 | $ | 400 | $ | 250 | $ | 1,150 | $ | 20 | |||||
Weighted-average variable rate payable(1) | 4.90 | % | 4.91 | % | 5.95 | % | |||||||||
Weighted-average fixed rate receivable | 5.35 | % | 5.10 | % | 5.90 | % |
We recognized approximately $8 million, $16 million and $1 million as interest expense in the consolidated statements of income in the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, relating to our outstanding interest rate swap agreements. In addition, in 2007, 2006 and 2005, we recognized approximately $6 million, $7 million and $7 million, respectively, as a reduction of interest expense in the consolidated statements of income, related to the termination of interest rate swap gains.
In January 2008, we terminated our outstanding interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $1,150 million maturing in 2014, 2015 and 2017, and received approximately $49 million in cash, which was comprised of $1 million of accrued interest and a $48 million gain on the net settlement of the swap agreements. The $1 million of accrued interest was recognized in 2007 as a reduction of interest expense in the consolidated statement of income and $20 million of the gain was recognized as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the related debt in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2007. The $48 million gain will be amortized to earnings over the remaining term of the debt.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Our financial statements and related schedule required by this item are contained on pages F-2 through F-69 and on page E-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Item 15(a) for a listing of financial statements provided.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2007, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of
65
the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting."
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Bunge Limited's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Bunge Limited's internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, Bunge assessed the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007 based on the framework in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on Bunge Limited's assessment, management believes that Bunge Limited's internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2007, based on the criteria in that framework due to the material weaknesses described below.
In management's assessment of the effectiveness of Bunge's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, management determined that there were two control deficiencies that constituted material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Specifically, Bunge Limited did not maintain effective control over financial reporting relating to the financial statement close process, including insufficient controls over the proper analysis, reconciliation and elimination of intercompany transactions. Bunge Limited processes a significant number of intercompany transactions on a monthly basis relating primarily to sales of agricultural commodities and commodity products among business units. Individual intercompany transactions are frequently significant in value. Upon discovery of this deficiency in its internal controls, management conducted a broad review of its processes for elimination of intercompany transactions across all of its business units and its corporate office. As a result of this review, management believes that errors in the transfer of information from the general ledgers of certain of Bunge's subsidiaries to Bunge's consolidated reporting system were primarily the result of systems changes made during 2007.
66
Additionally, Bunge Limited did not maintain effective control over financial reporting relating to the proper analysis and assessment of the presentation and recording of certain sales transactions related to Bunge's trade structured finance activities that were previously recorded on a gross basis instead of on a net basis in order to be correctly presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
These control weaknesses resulted in corrections to previously reported 2007 quarterly condensed consolidated financial statement amounts (as described in Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements) and other corrections prior to the issuance of Bunge Limited's 2007 annual consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited Bunge Limited's consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have also issued an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein on page F-3.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the material weaknesses described above, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2007 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Remediation Plan
In addition to correcting reported net sales and cost of goods sold for the errors resulting from these control weaknesses, Management is taking the following actions to improve our control over financial reporting:
None.
67
Information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III is omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will be filed in a definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 10 in our definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders under the captions "Election of Directors," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance," "Corporate GovernanceBoard Meetings and CommitteesAudit Committee," "Corporate GovernanceBoard Composition and Independence," "Audit Committee Report," "Corporate GovernanceCorporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Ethics" and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference. The information required by this item with respect to our executive officers and key employees is found in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Executive Officers and Key Employees of the Company," which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 11 in our definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation," "Compensation Committee Report," and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated in this Item 11 by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 12 in our definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders under the caption "Share Ownership of Directors, Executive Officers and Principal Shareholders" and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated in this Item 12 by reference. The information required by this item with respect to our equity compensation plan information is found in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Equity Compensation Plan Information," which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 13 in our definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders under the captions "Corporate GovernanceBoard Composition and Independence," "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated in this Item 13 by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 14 in our definitive proxy statement for our 2008 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders under the caption "Appointment of Independent Auditor" and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated in this Item 14 by reference.
68
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
See "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements" on page F-1 and Financial Statement Schedule IIValuation and Qualifying Accounts on page E-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
See "Index to Exhibits" set forth below.
Exhibit Number |
Description |
|
---|---|---|
3.1 | Memorandum of Association (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form F-1 (No. 333-65026) filed July 13, 2001) | |
3.2 |
Bye-laws, as amended May 26, 2006 (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form S-3ASR (No. 333-138662) filed November 11, 2006) |
|
4.1* |
Form of Common Share Certificate |
|
4.2 |
Certificate of Designation for Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preference Shares (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed November 20, 2006) |
|
4.3 |
Form of Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preference Share Certificate (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed November 20, 2006) |
|
4.4 |
Certificate of Designation for Cumulative Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed November 7, 2007) |
|
4.5 |
Form of Cumulative Mandatory Convertible Preference Share Certificate (included in Exhibit 4.4) |
|
4.6 |
The instruments defining the rights of holders of the long-term debt securities of Bunge and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. Bunge hereby agrees to furnish copies of these instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request |
|
10.1 |
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 25, 2001, between Bunge Limited and the shareholders of Bunge International Limited (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form F-1 (No. 333-65026) filed July 13, 2001) |
|
10.2 |
Pooling Agreement, dated as of August 25, 2000, between Bunge Funding Inc., Bunge Management Services Inc., as Servicer, and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form F-1 (No. 333-65026) filed July 13, 2001) |
|
10.3 |
Second Amended and Restated Series 2000-1 Supplement, dated as of February 26, 2002, between Bunge Funding Inc, Bunge Management Services, Inc., as Servicer, Cooperative Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank International, " New York Branch, as Letter of Credit Agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent, The Bank of New York, as Collateral Agent and Trustee, and Bunge Asset Funding Corp., as Series 2000-1 Purchaser, amending and restating the First Amended and Restated Series 2000-1 Supplement, dated July 12, 2001 (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form F-1 (No. 333-81322) filed March 8, 2002) |
69
10.4 |
Third Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2005, among Bunge Limited Finance Corp., as Borrower, the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, Citibank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, BNP Paribas, as Documentation Agent, Credit Suisse First Boston, as Documentation Agent, Cooperative Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank International," New York Branch, as Documentation Agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2005) |
|
10.5 |
Sixth Amended and Restated Liquidity Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2004, among Bunge Asset Funding Corp., the financial institutions party thereto, Citibank N.A., as Syndication Agent, BNP Paribas, as Documentation Agent, Credit Suisse First Boston, as Documentation Agent, Cooperative Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank International," New York Branch, as Documentation Agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2004) |
|
10.6* |
Eighth Amended and Restated Liquidity Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2007, among Bunge Asset Funding Corp., the financial institutions party thereto, Citibank N.A., as Syndication Agent, BNP Paribas, as Documentation Agent, Credit Suisse, acting through its Cayman Islands branch, as Documentation Agent, Cooperative Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank International," New York Branch, as Documentation Agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent |
|
10.7 |
Third Amended and Restated Guaranty, dated as of November 15, 2005, between Bunge Limited, as Guarantor and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.8 |
Sixth Amended and Restated Guaranty, dated as of June 11, 2007, between Bunge Limited, as Guarantor, and Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank International", New York Branch, in its capacity as the letter of credit agent under the Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement for the benefit of the Letter of Credit Banks, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as the administrative agent under the Liquidity Agreement, for the benefit of the Liquidity Banks and The Bank of New York, in its capacity as collateral agent under the Security Agreement and as trustee under the Pooling Agreement (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2007) |
|
10.9 |
Revolving Facility Agreement, dated December 20, 2006, among Bunge Finance Europe B.V., as Borrower, BNP Paribas and HSBC Bank plc, as mandated lead arrangers and HSBC Bank plc, as Agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2006) |
|
10.10 |
Guaranty, dated as of December 20, 2006, between Bunge Limited, as Guarantor, and HSBC Bank plc, as Agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on December 22, 2006) |
|
10.11 |
Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of November 19, 2007, among Bunge Limited Finance Corp., the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, BNP Paribas, as a documentation agent, Cobank, ACB, as a documentation agent, Fortis Capital Corp. as a documentation agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2007) |
70
10.12 |
Guaranty, dated as of November 19, 2007, among Bunge Limited, as Guarantor, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent under the Revolving Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2007) |
|
10.13 |
Employment Agreement, dated as of May 27, 2003, between Bunge Limited and Alberto Weisser (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.14 |
Employment Agreement between João Fernando Kfouri and Bunge Limited, effective as of July 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed July 8, 2005) |
|
10.15 |
Bunge Limited Equity Incentive Plan, Amended and Restated as of March 12, 2004 (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.16 |
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (effective as of 2005) under the Bunge Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.17 |
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (effective as of 2005) under the Bunge Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed July 8, 2005) |
|
10.18 |
Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit-Target EPS Award Agreement (effective as of 2005) under the Bunge Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.19 |
Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit-Target operating Profit Award Agreement (effective as of 2005) under the Bunge Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.20 |
Bunge Limited Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan (Amended and Restated as of February 25, 2005) (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 16, 2005) |
|
10.21 |
Bunge Limited 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Schedule 14A filed April 16, 2007) |
|
10.22* |
Form of Deferred Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (effective as of 2007) under the Bunge Limited 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan |
|
10.23 |
Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (effective as of 2005) under the Bunge Limited Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.24 |
Bunge Limited Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (Amended and Restated as of March 12, 2003) (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.25 |
Excess Benefit Plan of Bunge Management Services Inc. (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.26 |
Excess Contribution Plan of Bunge Management Services Inc. (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.27 |
Excess Benefit Plan of Bunge Global Markets Inc. (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
71
10.28 |
Excess Contribution Plan of Bunge Global Markets Inc. (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed July 27, 2004) |
|
10.29 |
Bunge U.S. SERP (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 15, 2006) |
|
10.30 |
Bunge Management Services Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Certain Employees (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 16, 2005) |
|
10.31* |
Amendment to the Bunge Management Services Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Certain Employees |
|
10.32 |
Bunge Global Markets Deferred Compensation Plan for Certain Employees (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 16, 2005) |
|
10.33* |
Amendment to the Bunge Global Markets Deferred Compensation Plan for Certain Employees |
|
10.34 |
Bunge Limited Annual Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed March 16, 2005) |
|
10.35 |
Description of Non-Employee Directors' Compensation (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2007) |
|
10.36 |
Separation Agreement, dated March 1, 2007, with William Wells (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 8-K filed March 2, 2007) |
|
10.37 |
Offer Letter, dated as of June 21, 2007 for Jacqualyn A. Fouse (incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2007) |
|
12.1* |
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges |
|
21.1* |
Subsidiaries of the Registrant |
|
23.1* |
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP |
|
31.1* |
Certifications of Bunge Limited's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act |
|
32.1* |
Certifications of Bunge Limited's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act |
72
BUNGE LIMITED
Schedule IIValuation and Qualifying Accounts
(US$ in millions)
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|
Additions |
|
|
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description |
Balance at beginning of period |
Charged to costs and expenses |
Charged to other accounts |
Deductions from reserves |
Balance at end of period |
|||||||
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2005 |
||||||||||||
Allowances for doubtful accounts(a) | $ | 133 | 55 | 8 | (b) | (16) | (c) | $ | 180 | |||
Allowance for secured advances to suppliers | $ | 43 | (15 | ) | 4 | (b) | | $ | 32 | |||
Allowances for recoverable taxes | $ | 15 | 27 | 4 | (b) | | $ | 46 | ||||
Income tax valuation allowance | $ | 177 | (79 | ) | | (2) | (d) | $ | 96 | |||
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006 |
||||||||||||
Allowances for doubtful accounts(a) | $ | 180 | 35 | 15 | (b) | (6) | (c) | $ | 224 | |||
Allowance for secured advances to suppliers | $ | 32 | 5 | 3 | (b) | | $ | 40 | ||||
Allowances for recoverable taxes | $ | 46 | 5 | 1 | (b) | (10) | (e) | $ | 42 | |||
Income tax valuation allowance | $ | 96 | 6 | 11 | (73) | (e) | $ | 40 | ||||
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007 |
||||||||||||
Allowances for doubtful accounts(a) | $ | 224 | 42 | 36 | (b) | (17) | (c) | $ | 285 | |||
Allowance for secured advances to suppliers | $ | 40 | 4 | 8 | (b) | | $ | 52 | ||||
Allowances for recoverable taxes | $ | 42 | 81 | 12 | (b) | | $ | 135 | ||||
Income tax valuation allowance | $ | 40 | (3 | ) | 3 | (b) | (7) | (f) | $ | 33 |
E-1
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
|
Page |
|
---|---|---|
Consolidated Financial Statements | ||
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2 | |
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 | F-5 | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2007 and 2006 | F-6 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 | F-7 | |
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 | F-8 | |
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10 |
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Bunge Limited
White Plains, New York
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bunge Limited and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the related consolidated statements of income, cash flows and shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2007. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Bunge Limited and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2007, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxesan Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, on January 1, 2007, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, Employer's Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R), on December 31, 2006, and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.123 (R), Share Based Payment, on January 1, 2006.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on the criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 29, 2008 expressed an adverse opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting because of material weaknesses.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP New York, New York February 29, 2008 |
F-2
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Bunge Limited
White Plains, New York
We have audited Bunge Limited and subsidiaries' (the "Company's") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying "Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting." Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on that risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management's assessment:
As described in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting," the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting relating to the financial statement close process, including insufficient controls over the proper analysis, reconciliation and elimination of intercompany transactions. This material weakness resulted in corrections to previously reported 2007 interim financial statement amounts and other
F-3
corrections prior to the issuance of the Company's annual consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007.
As described in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting," the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting relating to the proper analysis and assessment of the presentation and recording of certain sales transactions related to the Company's trade structured finance activities that were previously reported as gross amounts instead of on a net basis in order to be correctly presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. This material weakness resulted in corrections to previously reported 2007 interim financial statement amounts and other corrections prior to the issuance of the Company's annual consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007.
The material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007, of the Company and this report does not affect our report on such financial statements and financial statement schedule.
In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses identified above on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on the criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007 of the Company and our report dated February 29, 2008 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedule and includes an explanatory paragraph relating to the adoptions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxesan Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, on January 1, 2007.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP New York, New York February 29, 2008 |
F-4
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(U.S. dollars in millions, except per share data)
|
Year Ended December 31, |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
|||||||
Net sales | $ | 37,842 | $ | 26,274 | $ | 24,377 | ||||
Cost of goods sold (Note 8) | (35,327 | ) | (24,703 | ) | (22,806 | ) | ||||
Gross profit | 2,515 | 1,571 | 1,571 | |||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (1,359 | ) | (978 | ) | (956 | ) | ||||
Interest income | 166 | 119 | 104 | |||||||
Interest expense | (353 | ) | (280 | ) | (231 | ) | ||||
Foreign exchange gain (loss) | 217 | 59 | (22 | ) | ||||||
Other income (expenses)net | 15 | 31 | 22 | |||||||
Income from operations before income tax |
1,201 |
522 |
488 |
|||||||
Income tax (expense) benefit | (310 | ) | 36 | 82 | ||||||
Income from operations after income tax |
891 |
558 |
570 |
|||||||
Minority interest | (146 | ) | (60 | ) | (71 | ) | ||||
Equity in earnings of affiliates | 33 | 23 | 31 | |||||||
Net income |
778 |
521 |
530 |
|||||||
Convertible preference share dividends | (40 | ) | (4 | ) | | |||||
Net income available to common shareholders |
$ |
738 |
$ |
517 |
$ |
530 |
||||
Earnings per common sharebasic (Note 22) |
$ |
6.11 |
$ |
4.32 |
$ |
4.73 |
||||
Earnings per common sharediluted (Note 22) |
$ |
5.95 |
$ |
4.28 |
$ |
4.43 |
||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(U.S. dollars in millions, except share data)
|
December 31, |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2007 |
2006 |
||||||
ASSETS | ||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 981 | $ | 365 | ||||
Trade accounts receivable (less allowance of $97 and $224) (Note 16) | 2,541 | 1,879 | ||||||
Inventories (Note 3) | 5,924 | 3,684 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 219 | 149 | ||||||
Other current assets (Note 4) | 4,853 | 2,316 | ||||||
Total current assets | 14,518 | 8,393 | ||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 5) | 4,216 | 3,446 | ||||||
Goodwill (Note 6) | 354 | 236 | ||||||
Other intangible assets, net (Note 7) | 139 | 99 | ||||||
Investments in affiliates (Note 9) | 706 | 649 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 903 | 714 | ||||||
Other non-current assets | 1,155 | 810 | ||||||
Total assets | $ | 21,991 | $ | 14,347 | ||||
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |
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Current liabilities: | ||||||||
Short-term debt (Note 14) | $ | 590 | $ | 454 | ||||
Current portion of long-term debt (Note 15) | 522 | 156 | ||||||
Trade accounts payable | 4,061 | 2,328 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 166 | 54 | ||||||
Other current liabilities (Note 10) | 3,495 | 1,523 | ||||||
Total current liabilities | 8,834 | 4,515 | ||||||
Long-term debt (Note 15) | 3,435 | 2,874 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes (Note 12) | 149 | 180 | ||||||
Other non-current liabilities | 876 | 700 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20) |
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Minority interest in subsidiaries |
752 |
410 |
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Shareholders' equity (Note 21): |
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Mandatory convertible preference shares, par value $.01; authorized, issued and outstanding: 2007862,500 (liquidation preference $1,000 per share) | 863 | | ||||||
Convertible perpetual preference shares, par value $.01; authorized, issued and outstanding: 2007 and 20066,900,000 (liquidation preference $100 per share) | 690 | 690 | ||||||
Common shares, par value $.01; authorized240,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 2007121,225,963 shares, 2006119,955,645 shares | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 2,760 | 2,690 | ||||||
Retained earnings | 2,962 | 2,350 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 669 | (63 | ) | |||||
Total shareholders' equity | 7,945 | 5,668 | ||||||
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 21,991 | $ | 14,347 | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(U.S. dollars in millions)
|
Year Ended December 31, |
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2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
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OPERATING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 778 | $ | 521 | $ | 530 | ||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash (used for) provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange gain on debt | (285 | ) | (175 | ) | (112 | ) | ||||||
Impairment of assets | 70 | 20 | 35 | |||||||||
Bad debt expense | 46 | 41 | 40 | |||||||||
Depreciation, depletion and amortization | 385 | 324 | 278 | |||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 48 | 19 | 17 | |||||||||
Gain on sale of assets | (22 | ) | (36 | ) | (13 | ) | ||||||
Increase (decrease) in allowance for recoverable taxes | 81 | 5 | (27 | ) | ||||||||
Deferred income taxes | (62 | ) | (191 | ) | (238 | ) | ||||||
Minority interest | 146 | 60 | 71 | |||||||||
Equity in earnings of affiliates | (33 | ) | (23 | ) | (31 | ) | ||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of acquisitions: | ||||||||||||
Trade accounts receivable | (319 | ) | (69 | ) | 270 | |||||||
Inventories | (1,743 | ) | (729 | ) | (11 | ) | ||||||
Prepaid commodity purchase contracts | (184 | ) | (88 | ) | (41 | ) | ||||||
Secured advances to suppliers | 207 | 256 | 135 | |||||||||
Trade accounts payable | 1,231 | 365 | (337 | ) | ||||||||
Unrealized net (gain) loss on derivative contracts | (530 | ) | (184 | ) | 81 | |||||||
Margin deposits | (175 | ) | (85 | ) | (9 | ) | ||||||
Othernet | (50 | ) | (320 | ) | (256 | ) | ||||||
Cash (used for) provided by operating activities | (411 | ) | (289 | ) | 382 | |||||||
INVESTING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Payments made for capital expenditures | (658 | ) | (503 | ) | (522 | ) | ||||||
Acquisitions of businesses (net of cash acquired) and intangible assets | (153 | ) | (74 | ) | (50 | ) | ||||||
Investments in affiliates | (39 | ) | (91 | ) | (18 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment | 55 | 49 | 59 | |||||||||
Return of capital from affiliates | | 18 | 38 | |||||||||
Related party (loans) repayments | (22 | ) | (21 | ) | 13 | |||||||
Proceeds from sale of investments | 23 | 11 | | |||||||||
Cash used for investing activities | (794 | ) | (611 | ) | (480 | ) | ||||||
FINANCING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Net change in short-term debt with maturities of 90 days or less | 19 | (139 | ) | (130 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from short-term debt with maturities greater than 90 days | 1,105 | 150 | | |||||||||
Repayments of short-term debt with maturities greater than 90 days | (1,029 | ) | | | ||||||||
Proceeds from long-term debt | 2,030 | 488 | 1,210 | |||||||||
Repayment of long-term debt | (1,203 | ) | (200 | ) | (952 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from sale of preference shares, net | 845 | 677 | | |||||||||
Proceeds from sale of common shares | 32 | 16 | 13 | |||||||||
Dividends paid to preference shareholders | (34 | ) | | | ||||||||
Dividends paid to common shareholders | (80 | ) | (74 | ) | (63 | ) | ||||||
Dividends paid to minority interest | (18 | ) | (27 | ) | (57 | ) | ||||||
Minority interest investments in less than wholly-owned subsidiaries | 95 | | | |||||||||
Cash provided by financing activities | 1,762 | 891 | 21 | |||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 59 | 20 | (1 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 616 | 11 | (78 | ) | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 365 | 354 | 432 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 981 | $ | 365 | $ | 354 | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(U.S. dollars in millions, except share data)
|
Convertible Preference Shares |
|
|
|
|
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 21) |
|
|
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Common Shares |
|
|
|
|
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|
Additional Paid-in Capital |
Retained Earnings |
Total Shareholders' Equity |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
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|
Shares |
Amount |
Shares |
Amount |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, January 1, 2005 | | | 110,671,450 | $ | 1 | $ | 2,361 | $ | 1,440 | $ | (427 | ) | $ | 3,375 | |||||||||||
Comprehensive income2005: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | | | | | | 530 | | 530 | $ | 530 | |||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange translation adjustment, net of tax expense of $0 | | | | | | | 101 | | 101 | ||||||||||||||||
Unrealized losses on commodity futures, net of tax benefit of $2 | | | | | | | (3 | ) | | (3 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Unrealized investment gains, net of tax expense of $4 | | | | | | | 11 | | 11 | ||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of realized net losses to net income, net of tax benefit of $2 | | | | | | | 4 | | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability, net of tax expense of $1 | | | | | | | 2 | | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income | | | | | | | 115 | 115 | $ | 645 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends on common shares | | | | | | (63 | ) | | (63 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Deferred financing costs reclassified |
| | | | (5 | ) | | | (5 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Tax benefits related to employee stock plan | | | | | 6 | | | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common shares: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
convertible notes conversion | | | 7,777,927 | | 250 | | | 250 | |||||||||||||||||
employee stock plan | | | 735,319 | | 18 | | | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2005 | | | 119,184,696 | $ | 1 | $ | 2,630 | $ | 1,907 | $ | (312 | ) | $ | 4,226 | |||||||||||
Comprehensive income2006: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | | | | | | 521 | | 521 | $ | 521 | |||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange translation adjustment, net of tax expense of $0 |
| | | | | | 267 | | 267 | ||||||||||||||||
Unrealized losses on commodity futures and foreign exchange contracts, net of tax benefit of $1 |
| | | | | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Unrealized investment losses, net of tax benefit of $1 | | | | | | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification of realized net losses to net income, net of tax benefit of $6 |
| | | | | | 13 | | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability, net of tax expense of $0 | | | | | | | 1 | | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income | | | | | | | 279 | 279 | $ | 800 | |||||||||||||||
SFAS No. 158 transition adjustment, net of tax benefit of $17 (Note 17) | | | | | | | (30 | ) | (30 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Dividends on common shares | | | | | | (74 | ) | | (74 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Dividends on preference shares | | | | | | (4 | ) | | (4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | | | | | 24 | | | 24 | |||||||||||||||||
Tax benefits related to employee stock plan | | | | | 4 | | | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Tax benefits related to convertible notes conversion | | | | | 24 | | | 24 |
(Continued on the following page)
F-8
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(U.S. dollars in millions, except share data)
|
Convertible Preference Shares |
|
|
|
|
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 21) |
|
|
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Common Shares |
|
|
|
|
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|
Additional Paid-in Capital |
Retained Earnings |
Total Shareholders' Equity |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Shares |
Amount |
Shares |
Amount |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of preference shares | 6,900,000 | $ | 690 | | $ | | $ | (13 | ) | $ | | $ | | $ | 677 | |||||||||||
Issuance of common shares: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
employee stock plan | | | 770,949 | | 21 | | | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2006 | 6,900,000 | $ | 690 | 119,955,645 | $ | 1 | $ | 2,690 | $ | 2,350 | $ | (63 | ) | $ | 5,668 | |||||||||||
Comprehensive income2007: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | | | | | | 778 | | 778 | $ | 778 | ||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange translation adjustment, net of tax expense of $0 |
| | | | | | 731 | | 731 | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains on commodity futures and foreign exchange contracts, net of tax expense of $4 | | | | | | | 7 | | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized investment losses, net of tax benefit of $0 | | | | | | | (6 | ) | | (6 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Reclassification of realized net gains to net income, net of tax expense of $5 | | | | | | | (7 | ) | | (7 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Pension liability adjustment, net of tax expense of $4 | | | | | | | 7 | | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income | | | | | | | 732 | 732 | $ | 1,510 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends on common shares | | | | | | (80 | ) | | (80 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends on preference shares | | | | | | (40 | ) | | (40 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | | | | | 41 | | | 41 | ||||||||||||||||||
FIN 48 adoption (Note 12) | | | | | | (46 | ) | | (46 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Tax benefits related to employee stock plan | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of preference shares | 862,500 | 863 | | | (18 | ) | | | 845 | |||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common shares: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
employee stock plan | | | 1,270,318 | | 46 | | | 46 | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2007 | 7,762,500 | $ | 1,553 | 121,225,963 | $ | 1 | $ | 2,760 | $ | 2,962 | $ | 669 | $ | 7,945 | ||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-9
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of BusinessBunge Limited is a Bermuda holding company. Bunge Limited, together with its consolidated subsidiaries through which Bunge's businesses are conducted (collectively, "Bunge"), is an integrated, global agribusiness and food company. Bunge Limited common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "BG." Bunge operates in three divisions, which include four reportable segments: agribusiness, fertilizer, edible oil products and milling products.
AgribusinessBunge's agribusiness segment is an integrated business involved in the purchase, storage, transport, processing and sale of agricultural commodities and commodity products. Bunge's agribusiness operations and assets are located in North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
Bunge's agribusiness segment also participates in related financial activities such as trade structured financing to leverage international trade flows and providing risk management services to customers by assisting them with managing price exposure to agricultural commodities. In addition, Bunge's agribusiness segment is participating in developing private investment vehicles to invest in business complementary to its agribusiness operations and received $80 million from investors in 2007 in a private investment fund controlled by the Company. At December 31, 2007, the investors' capital contributions were invested in cash.
FertilizerBunge's fertilizer segment is involved in every stage of the fertilizer business, from mining of phosphate-based raw materials to the sale of blended fertilizer products. Bunge's fertilizer operations are primarily located in Brazil.
Edible oil productsBunge's edible oil products segment consists of producing and selling edible oil products, such as packaged and bulk oils, shortenings, margarine, mayonnaise and other products derived from the vegetable oil refining process. Bunge's edible oil products operations are located in North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
Milling productsBunge's milling products segment includes its wheat and corn milling businesses. The wheat milling business consists of producing and selling wheat flours. Bunge's wheat milling activities are located in Brazil. The corn milling business consists of producing and selling products derived from corn. Bunge's corn milling activities are located in the United States.
RestatementsAs described in Note 17 and Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements, in 2007 Bunge re-evaluated the classification of two employee benefit plans in Brazil and concluded that such plans should be properly disclosed as a multiple employer pension plan and a postretirement healthcare plan. Bunge corrected the 2006 and 2005 disclosures relating to these plans and included such amounts under the headings "Foreign Pension Benefits" and "Foreign Postretirement Healthcare Benefits." This correction did not have an effect on Bunge's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2006 and 2005, or its consolidated statements of income and of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005.
The benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets and net liability recognized in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2006 for the multiple employer plan were $256 million, $249 million and $7 million, respectively. The net periodic benefit credit for such plan was $7 million and $3 million for 2006 and 2005, respectively.
The benefit obligation and net liability recognized in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2006 for the postretirement plan were $72 million and $72 million, respectively. The net periodic benefit cost for such plan was $3 million and $2 million for 2006 and 2005, respectively.
F-10
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
In addition, in connection with an increase in short-term borrowings with original maturities greater than 90 days in 2007, we have also shown on a gross basis certain short-term borrowings which had been presented on a net basis in our 2006 consolidated statements of cash flows.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of ConsolidationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of all entities over which Bunge exercises control.
Minority interest related to Bunge's ownership interests of less than 100% is reported as minority interest in subsidiaries in the consolidated balance sheets. The minority ownership interest of Bunge's earnings, net of tax, is reported as minority interest in the consolidated statements of income.
Bunge evaluates its equity investments for consolidation pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. (FIN) 46R, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, an Interpretation of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51 (FIN 46R) and Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements (ARB 51). FIN 46R focuses on controlling financial interests that may be achieved through arrangements that do not involve voting interests. A variable interest entity (VIE) is a legal structure that does not have equity investors with voting rights or has equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. FIN 46R requires that a VIE be consolidated by a company if that company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is an entity that is subject to a majority of the risk of loss from the VIE's activities or entitled to receive a majority of the VIE's residual returns or both. As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, Bunge had no investments in affiliates that would be considered VIEs pursuant to FIN 46R and that have not been consolidated.
Investments in businesses in which Bunge does not have control but has the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for by the equity method of accounting whereby the investment is carried at acquisition cost, plus Bunge's equity in undistributed earnings or losses since acquisition. Investments in which Bunge does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for by the cost method. Equity and cost investments are included in investments in affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets.
Use of Estimates and Certain Concentrations of RiskThe accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and require management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. They may also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Amounts affected include, but are not limited to, allowances for doubtful accounts, inventories, allowances for recoverable taxes, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative contracts, impairment of long-lived assets, restructuring charges, useful lives of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, contingent liabilities, income taxes and pension plan obligations. Actual amounts may vary from those estimates.
The availability and price of agricultural commodities used in Bunge's operations are subject to wide fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather, plantings, government (domestic and foreign) programs and policies, changes in global demand and production of similar and competitive crops. The markets for Bunge's products are highly price competitive and are sensitive to product substitution. Bunge competes against large multinational, regional and national suppliers, processors and distributors and farm cooperatives. Competition is based on price, product and service offerings and geographic location.
F-11
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Translation of Foreign Currency Financial StatementsBunge's reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the majority of Bunge's foreign subsidiaries is their local currency and, as such, amounts included in the consolidated statements of income are translated at the weighted-average exchange rates for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at period-end exchange rates and resulting foreign exchange translation adjustments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Foreign Currency TransactionsMonetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into their respective functional currencies at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange gain or loss is included in Bunge's consolidated statements of income as foreign exchange gain (loss).
Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents include time deposits and readily marketable securities with original maturity dates of three months or less at the time of acquisition.
Accounts Receivable and Secured Advances to SuppliersAccounts receivable and secured advances to suppliers are stated at the historical carrying amounts net of write-offs and allowances for uncollectible accounts. Bunge establishes an allowance for uncollectible trade accounts receivable and secured advances to farmers based on historical experience, market conditions, current trends and any specific customer collection issues that Bunge has identified. Uncollectible accounts are written off when a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when Bunge has determined the balance will not be collected.
InventoriesReadily marketable inventories in the agribusiness segment, which consist of merchandisable agricultural commodities, are stated at market value. Readily marketable inventories are agricultural commodity inventories that are readily convertible to cash because of their commodity characteristics, widely available markets and international pricing mechanisms. The merchandisable agricultural commodities are freely traded, have quoted market prices, may be sold without significant further processing and have predictable and insignificant disposal costs. Changes in the market values of merchandisable agricultural commodities inventories are recognized in earnings as a component of cost of goods sold.
Inventories that are not readily marketable inventories are principally stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using primarily the weighted-average cost method.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging ActivitiesBunge enters into derivatives that are related to its inherent business and financial exposure as a multinational agricultural commodities and food company. Bunge uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to movements associated with agricultural commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, ocean freight and energy costs. Generally, Bunge's use of these instruments mitigates the exposure risk and related costs.
Bunge uses exchange-traded futures and options contracts to minimize the effects of changes in the prices of agricultural commodities on its agribusiness inventories and agricultural commodities forward cash purchase and sales contracts. Exchange-traded futures and options contracts are valued at quoted market prices. Forward purchase contracts and forward sale contracts are valued at market prices where available or other market quotes, adjusted for differences, primarily transportation, between the exchange traded market and the local markets on which the terms of the contracts are based. Changes in the market value of forward purchase and sale contracts, and exchange-traded futures and options contracts, are recognized in earnings as a component of cost of goods sold. These contracts are predominantly settled in cash. Bunge is exposed to loss in the event of non-performance
F-12
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
by the counter-party to forward purchase and forward sales contracts. The values of these contracts are reduced by a provision related to Bunge's estimate of the potential loss in the event of non-performance.
In addition, Bunge hedges portions of its forecasted U.S. oilseed processing production requirements, including forecasted purchases of soybeans and sales of soy commodity products, for quantities that usually do not exceed three months of processing capacity. The instruments used are exchange-traded futures contracts, which are designated as cash flow hedges. The changes in the market value of such futures contracts have historically been, and are expected to continue to be, highly effective at offsetting changes in price movements of the hedged items. To the extent they provide effective offset, gains or losses arising from hedging transactions are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes, and are reclassified to cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of income when the products associated with the hedged items are sold. Bunge expects to reclassify approximately $1 million after-tax net gains to cost of goods sold in the year ending December 31, 2008, relating to exchange-traded futures contracts designated as cash flow hedges. If at any time during the hedging relationship Bunge no longer expects the hedge to be highly effective, the changes in the market value of such futures contracts would prospectively be recorded in the consolidated statements of income.
Bunge enters into time charter agreements for utilization of ocean freight vessels based on forecasted requirements for the purpose of transporting agricultural commodities. The market price for ocean freight varies depending on the supply and demand for ocean freight vessels and global economic and trade conditions. Bunge's time charter agreements have terms ranging from two months to four years. Bunge uses derivative financial instruments to hedge portions of its anticipated ocean freight costs. Ocean freight derivatives are recognized on Bunge's consolidated balance sheets at fair value. A substantial portion of the ocean freight derivatives are designated as fair value hedges (in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS No. 133)) of Bunge's unrecognized firm commitments to utilize ocean freight vessels. Changes in the fair value of the ocean freight derivatives that are qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge of those unrecognized firm commitments, along with the gains or losses on those unrecognized firm commitments attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in costs of goods sold in Bunge's consolidated statements of income.
Occasionally, Bunge also uses derivative instruments, such as treasury rate locks, to reduce the risk of changes in interest rates on forecasted issuances of fixed rate debt. To the extent these derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges and provide effective offset, gains and losses are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in the consolidated statements of income over the terms of the underlying debt instrument. In addition, Bunge enters into interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate exposure on a portion of its fixed rate debt. The interest rate swaps used by Bunge are designated as fair value hedges and are recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded in interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. Additionally, the carrying amount of associated debt relating to interest rate swaps is adjusted currently in earnings for changes in the fair value caused by changes in interest rates.
Bunge also enters into derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency options, forward contracts and swaps, to limit exposures to changes in foreign currency exchange rates with respect to its foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities and its foreign operations.
All derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in other current assets or other current liabilities in Bunge's consolidated balance sheets. The effective and ineffective portions of
F-13
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
changes in fair values of derivative financial instruments designated as fair value hedges, along with the gains or losses on the related hedged items are recorded in earnings in the consolidated statements of income in the same caption as the hedged items. The effective portion of changes in fair values of derivative financial instruments that Bunge designates as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified or amortized to earnings when the hedged cash flows are realized or when the hedge is no longer considered to be effective. In addition, Bunge designates certain derivative instruments as net investment hedges to hedge the exposure associated with its foreign operations. The effective portions of changes in the fair values of net investment hedge derivative instruments, which are evaluated based on spot rates, are recorded in the foreign exchange translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets and the ineffective portions of such derivative instruments are recorded in foreign exchange gains or losses in the consolidated statements of income. Fair values are based on market quotes for exchange traded instruments or independent quotes for non-exchange traded instruments.
Recoverable TaxesRecoverable taxes represent value added taxes paid upon the acquisition of raw materials and other services which can be recovered in cash or as compensation of outstanding balances against income taxes or certain other taxes Bunge may owe. Recoverable taxes are offset by allowances for uncollectible amounts if it is determined that collection is doubtful.
Property, Plant and Equipment, NetProperty, plant and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and depletion. Major improvements that extend the life, capacity or efficiency and improve the safety of the asset are capitalized, while minor maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Costs related to legal obligations associated with the retirement of assets are capitalized and depreciated over the lives of the underlying assets. Depreciation is computed based on the straight line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Useful lives for property, plant and equipment are as follows:
|
Years |
|
---|---|---|
Buildings | 10-50 | |
Machinery and equipment | 7-20 | |
Furniture, fixtures and other | 3-20 |
Included in property, plant and equipment are mining properties that are stated at cost less accumulated depletion. Depletion is calculated using the unit of production method based on proven and probable reserves. The useful lives of Bunge's mines operated in its fertilizer operations range from 16 to 53 years. Bunge determines the estimated useful lives of its mines based on reserve estimates and forecasts of annual production.
Bunge capitalizes interest on borrowings during the construction period of major capital projects. The capitalized interest is recorded as part of the asset to which it relates and is depreciated over the asset's estimated useful life.
GoodwillGoodwill relates to the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible net assets acquired in a business acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested annually for impairment in the fourth quarter of Bunge's fiscal year, or when circumstances during the year warrant, based upon the fair value of the reporting unit with which it resides (see Note 6 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements). Bunge's reporting segments in which it has recorded goodwill are agribusiness, edible oil products and milling products. Impairment losses are generally included in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of income, unless the goodwill is
F-14
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
associated with acquired marketing or brand assets, in which case impairment losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
Other Intangible AssetsOther intangible assets that have finite useful lives include brands and trademarks recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. Other intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from 10 to 40 years. Other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but rather are tested annually for impairment (see Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements).
Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment and Other Finite-Lived Intangible Assets Bunge reviews for impairment its property, plant and equipment and other finite-lived intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amounts of an asset may not be recoverable. In performing the review for recoverability, Bunge bases its evaluation on such indicators as the nature, future economic benefits and geographic locations of the assets, historical or future profitability measures and other external market conditions. If these indicators result in the expected non-recoverability of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group, Bunge determines whether impairment has occurred by analyzing estimates of undiscounted future cash flows. If the estimates of undiscounted future cash flows during the expected useful life of the asset are less than the carrying value of the asset, a loss is recognized for the difference between the carrying value of the asset and its estimated fair value, measured by the present value of the estimated future cash flows or by third-party appraisal. Bunge records impairments related to property, plant and equipment and other finite-lived intangible assets used in the processing of its products in cost of goods sold in its consolidated statements of income. The impairment of marketing or brand assets is recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
Property, plant and equipment and other finite-lived intangible assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
Impairment of Investments in AffiliatesBunge continually reviews its investments in affiliates to determine whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary. Bunge considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the length of time that the fair value of the investment is expected to be below Bunge's carrying value, the financial condition, operating performance and near-term prospects of the investee, which include general market conditions specific to the investee or the industry in which it operates, and Bunge's intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery in fair value. Impairment charges for investments in affiliates are included in Bunge's share of the equity in earnings of affiliates in the consolidated statements of income.
Stock-Based CompensationBunge maintains an Equity Incentive Plan, a Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan and a 2007 Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan, which are described in Note 24 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Effective January 1, 2006, Bunge adopted SFAS No. 123R, Share-Based Payment (SFAS No. 123R), which includes the fair value recognition provisions using the modified prospective transition method. Under the modified prospective transition method, compensation cost recognized for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 includes (1) compensation cost for all share-based awards granted prior to, but not yet vested as of, January 1, 2006, based on the grant date fair value in accordance with SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation (SFAS No. 123), and (2) compensation cost for all share-based awards granted subsequent to January 1, 2006, based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 123R.
F-15
BUNGE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Prior to January 1, 2006, in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 123, as amended by SFAS No. 148, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation-Transition and Disclosure (SFAS No. 148), Bunge accounted for stock-based compensation using the intrinsic value method under Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (APB 25), and FIN 28, Accounting for Stock Appreciation Rights and Other Variable Stock Option or Award Plans (FIN 28). Bunge has granted stock options, performance-based restricted stock unit awards and time-vested restricted stock unit awards under its Equity Incentive Plan and stock options under its Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan. Pursuant to APB 25, no compensation cost was recognized for stock options granted under either plan, since the exercise price was equal to the fair market value of the underlying common shares on the date of grant. Bunge accrued compensation cost for granted restricted stock unit awards over the vesting or performance period and adjusted costs related to its performance-based restricted stock units for subsequent changes in the fair market value of the awards with election to settle in cash as well as the number of shares issued upon settlement of the awards. Compensation costs are recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Results for 2005 have not been restated for the adoption of SFAS No. 123R.