UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

FORM 6-K

Report of Foreign Private Issuer

Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 under
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

KOMATSU LTD.

Translation of registrant’s name into English

3-6 Akasaka 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Address of principal executive office

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F þ Form 40-F o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes o No þ

If “Yes” is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-_____ 

 

 

INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN REPORT

1.

Four company announcements made on July 13, 2010.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Komatsu Ltd. Corporate Communications Dept. Tel: +81-(0)3-5561-2616 Date: July 13th, 2010 URL: http://www.komatsu.com/

Issuance of Stock Acquisition Rights as “Stock Based Remuneration” to Company Directors

Komatsu Ltd. (hereinafter “Company”) hereby announces that at the meeting of the Board of Directors held on July 13, 2010, the Company resolved the details of the terms and conditions of the issuance of rights to subscribe for or purchase shares of the Company (Stock Acquisition Right) for the purpose of granting “Stock-Based Remuneration” to Company Directors, pursuant to the provisions of Article 236, Article 238, and Article 240 of the Companies Act, and a resolution at the 141^th Ordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders of the Company.

[Description]

1.		Reason to issue the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		To raise their morale and their motivation to contribute to the improvement of the consolidated performance of the Company, but also for the purpose of clarifying their incentive to enhance the long-term corporate value of the Company by fostering the same perspective on corporate value with the shareholders.
2.		The name of Stock Acquisition Rights:
		Thirteenth Stock Acquisition Rights of Komatsu Ltd.
3.		Type and number of shares underlying Stock Acquisition Rights
		The shares to be issued for the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be common stock, and the number of shares subject to one (1) Stock Acquisition Right (hereinafter “Number of Shares Granted”) shall be 100 shares. However, after July 13, 2010, if the Company effects a stock split of its common stock (including gratis allotment of common stock to shareholders; the same applies hereinafter) or effects a stock consolidation, the Number of Shares Granted subject to one (1) Stock Acquisition Right shall be adjusted proportionately, in accordance with the ratio of the stock split or the stock consolidation in question. Also, if it is necessary to adjust the Number of Shares Granted after July 13, 2010 for reasons other than the aforementioned reasons, the Company shall adjust the Number of Shares Granted in connection with the aforementioned Stock Acquisition Rights to the extent reasonable. Fractions of less than one (1) share resulting from the foregoing adjustment shall be rounded down.
4.		Total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		210 rights
		The above number is the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights that are expected to be allotted and, accordingly, in the event that the total number of application for subscription of the Stock Acquisition Rights does not reach the above-mentioned number or there occurs a reduction in the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights to be allotted, the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be equal to the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights that are actually allotted.

5.		Persons to whom Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted ( “Grantee”):
		Ten directors of the Company.
6.		Subscription amount to be paid for each Stock Acquisition Right (The subscription amount):
		The Subscription amount to be paid for each Stock Acquisition Right shall be the amount of the fair value per share that is calculated by using the Binominal Model on the allotment date, multiplied by the Number of Shares Granted. The above amount shall be the fair value of the Stock Acquisition Right and the Grantee shall, with the approval of the Company, offset the remuneration amount payable by the Company to the Grantee against the amount to be paid by the Grantee to the Company in exchange for the Stock Acquisition Right in accordance with Paragraph 2, Article 246 of the Companies Act.
7.		Allotment Date of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		August 2, 2010.
8.		Due date of subscription for the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		August 2, 2010.
9.		Amount of assets to be paid upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		The amount of assets to be paid upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be JPY 1 per each one (1) share to be transferred upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights, multiplied by the Number of Shares Granted.
10.		Exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		From August 2, 2013 to July 31, 2018
11.		Conditions for the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		If a holder of Stock Acquisition Rights Who is a Director, Corporate Auditor or employee of the Company, or a Director, Corporate Auditor or employee of an affiliate of the Company, loses his or her all respective status set above, that person is able to exercise the Stock Acquisition Rights only within a period of three (3) years period from the date they lost such position; provided, however, that the period shall not exceed the original exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights described at ‘9’ above, and the other terms and conditions concerning the exercise of Stock Acquisition Rights shall be decided at the contracts to be executed by and between the Company and the Grantees of the Stock Acquisition Rights (hereinafter “Stock Acquisition Rights Contracts”).
12.		Restriction on Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by Transfer
		Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by transfer shall be required to be approved by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Company.
13.		Matters concerning the increase in paid-in capital and capital surplus in the event of issuance of shares upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights

	1)		The amount of paid-in capital increase in the event of the issuance of shares upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be one half of the maximum amount of capital increase, calculated in accordance with Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Corporate Accounting regulations. Fractions less than one (1) yen resulting from the calculation shall be rounded up.
	2)		An increase in the capital surplus in the event of the issuance of shares upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be the amount obtainable by subtracting the amount of the paid-in capital increase from the maximum amount of the capital increase, as set forth in ‘13.1)’ above.

14.		Provisions pertaining to acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by the Company
		The Stock Acquisition Rights do not contain the provisions pertaining to the acquisition by the Company.
15.		In the event where the Company engages in any merger (limited to a case where the Company ceases to exist as the result of merger), a corporate split in which a division of the Company is merged into an existing company, a corporate split in which a division of the Company is spun off to establish a new company (for both, limited to cases where the Company is split up), or an exchange or transfer of shares (for both, limited to cases where the Company becomes a fully-owned subsidiary) (hereinafter collectively “Restructuring Actions”), each person holding the remaining Stock Acquisition Rights at the time the Restructuring Actions take effect (hereinafter “Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights”) shall be granted the Stock Acquisition Rights of the relevant stock companies prescribed in Article 236, Paragraph 1, Item 8, (a) through (e) of the Companies Act (hereinafter “Reorganized Company”), in accordance with the conditions set forth below. In this event, the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights shall become null and void and new Stock Acquisition Rights in the Reorganized Company shall be issued. However, the new Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted only if provisions for granting them in accordance with the following conditions (i-viii) are included as conditions in a merger agreement (in which the Company is merged into a Reorganized Company or a Reorganized Company is established as the result of the merger), a corporate split agreement (in which a division of the Company is merged into a Reorganized Company), a plan for a corporate split (in which a division of the Company is spun off to establish a Reorganized Company), a share exchange agreement or a plan for transfer of shares(in which the Company becomes a fully-owned subsidiary of a Reorganized Company).

	i.		Number of the Stock Acquisition Rights of a Reorganized Company to be granted
			At the time the Restructuring Actions take effect, each holder of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted the Stock Acquisition Rights of which the number is equivalent to the number of such Rights held at the Reorganized Company.
	ii.		Type of shares of the Reorganized Company to be issued for the Stock Acquisition Rights
			Type of shares subject to the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be common stock of the Reorganized Company.
	iii.		Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be issued upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The number of shares shall be determined in accordance with‘3’ above, after taking into consideration the conditions or other factors concerning the Restructuring Actions.
	iv.		Amount of assets to be paid upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The amount of assets to be paid upon the exercise of newly granted Stock Acquisition Rights shall be the amount obtainable by multiplying JPY 1 per each one (1) share the Exercise Price to be adjusted after taking into consideration the conditions and other factors concerning the Restructuring Actions, by the number of shares to be issued for each acquisition right as determined in ‘15. iii’ above.
	v.		Exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The Exercise Period shall begin on either the first date of the exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights stipulated in ‘10’ above, or on the date that the Restructuring Actions take effect, whichever comes later, and shall continue to the final date of the exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights stipulated in ‘10’ above.

	vi.		Increase in paid-in capital and capital surplus in the event of the issuance of shares upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			Such increases shall be determined based on ‘13’ above.
	vii.		Restriction on Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by Transfer
			Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by transfer shall required to be approved by the Reorganized Company.
	viii.		Provisions pertaining to acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The Stock Acquisition Rights do not contain the provisions pertaining to the acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights.

16.

In case where the number of shares to be issued or transferred to the holders of the Stock Acquisition Rights includes any fraction less than one (1) share, such fraction shall be rounded down.

[Reference]

(end)

		Komatsu Ltd.
		Corporate Communications Dept.
		Tel: +81-(0)3-5561-2616
		Date: July 13th, 2010
		URL: http://www.komatsu.com/

Issuance of Stock Acquisition Rights as “Stock-Based Remuneration” to Employees of the Company and Directors of Major Subsidiaries of the Company

Komatsu Ltd. (hereinafter “Company”) hereby announces that at the meeting of the Board of Directors held on July 13, 2010, the Company resolved the details of the terms and conditions of the issuance of rights to subscribe for or purchase shares of the Company (Stock Acquisition Right) for the purpose of granting “Stock-Based Remuneration” to employees and directors of major subsidiaries of the Company, pursuant to a resolution at the 141^th Ordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders of the Company.

[Description]

1.		Reason to issue the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		To raise their morale and their motivation to contribute to the improvement of the consolidated performance of the Company, but also for the purpose of clarifying their incentive to enhance the long-term corporate value of the Company by fostering the same perspective on corporate value with the shareholders.
2.		The name of Stock Acquisition Rights:
		Fourteenth Stock Acquisition Rights of Komatsu Ltd.
3.		Type and number of shares underlying Stock Acquisition Rights
		The shares to be issued for the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be common stock, and the number of shares subject to one (1) Stock Acquisition Right (hereinafter “Number of Shares Granted”) shall be 100 shares.
		However, after June 23, 2010, if the Company effects a stock split of its common stock (including gratis allotment of common stock to shareholders; the same applies hereinafter) or effects a stock consolidation, the Number of Shares Granted subject to one (1) Stock Acquisition Right shall be adjusted proportionately, in accordance with the ratio of the stock split or the stock consolidation in question. Also, if it is necessary to adjust the Number of Shares Granted after June 23, 2010 for reasons other than the aforementioned reasons, the Company shall adjust the Number of Shares Granted in connection with the aforementioned Stock Acquisition Rights to the extent reasonable.
		Fractions of less than one (1) share resulting from the foregoing adjustment shall be rounded down.
4.		Total number of the Share Acquisition Rights:
		558 rights
		The above number is the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights that are expected to be allotted and, accordingly, in the event that the total number of application for subscription of the Stock Acquisition Rights does not reach the above-mentioned number or there occurs a reduction in the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights to be allotted, the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be equal to the total number of the Stock Acquisition Rights that are actually allotted.

5.		Persons to whom Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted (“Grantee”):
		50 employees of the Company and 12 directors of major subsidiaries.
6.		Subscription amount to be paid for each Stock Acquisition Right (The subscription amount):
		No consideration shall be paid.
		Since this issuance constitutes an issuance of Stock Acquisition Rights to individuals other than shareholders with particularly favorable terms and conditions as set forth in ‘5.’ and ‘6.’, the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders held on June 23, 2010 has resolved under Article 309 of the Companies Act to delegate the determination of the Subscription Requirements to the board of directors pursuant to the provisions of Article 238 and Article 239 of the Companies Act.
7.		Allotment Date of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		August 2, 2010.
8.		Amount of assets to be paid upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		The amount of assets to be paid upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be JPY 1 per each one (1) share to be transferred upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights, multiplied by the Number of Shares Granted.
9.		Exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		From August 2, 2013 to July 31, 2018
10.		Conditions for the exercising the Stock Acquisition Rights:
		If a holder of Stock Acquisition Rights Who is a Director, Corporate Auditor or employee of the Company, or a Director, Corporate Auditor or employee of an affiliate of the Company, loses his or her all respective status set above, that person is able to exercise the Stock Acquisition Rights only within a period of three (3) years period from the date they lost such position; provided, however, that the period shall not exceed the original exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights described at ‘9’ above, and the other terms and conditions concerning the exercise of Stock Acquisition Rights shall be decided at the contracts to be executed by and between the Company and the Grantees of the Stock Acquisition Rights (hereinafter “Stock Acquisition Rights Contracts”).
11.		Restriction on Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by Transfer
		Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by transfer shall be required to be approved by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Company.
12.		Matters concerning the increase in paid-in capital and capital surplus in the event of issuance of shares upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights

	1)		The amount of paid-in capital increase in the event of the issuance of shares upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be one half of the maximum amount of capital increase, calculated in accordance with Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Corporate Accounting regulations. Fractions less than one (1) yen resulting from the calculation shall be rounded up.
	2)		An increase in the capital surplus in the event of the issuance of shares upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be the amount obtainable by subtracting the amount of the paid-in capital increase from the maximum amount of the capital increase, as set forth in ‘12.1)’ above.

13.		Provisions pertaining to acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by the Company The Stock Acquisition Rights do not contain the provisions pertaining to the acquisition by the Company.
14.		In the event where the Company engages in any merger (limited to a case where the Company ceases to exist as the result of merger), a corporate split in which a division of the Company is merged into an existing company, a corporate split in which a division of the Company is spun off to establish a new company (for both, limited to cases where the Company is split up), or an exchange or transfer of shares (for both, limited to cases where the Company becomes a fully-owned subsidiary) (hereinafter collectively “Restructuring Actions”), each person holding the remaining Stock Acquisition Rights at the time the Restructuring Actions take effect (hereinafter “Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights”) shall be granted the Stock Acquisition Rights of the relevant stock companies prescribed in Article 236, Paragraph 1, Item 8, (a) through (e) of the Companies Act (hereinafter “Reorganized Company”), in accordance with the conditions set forth below. In this event, the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights shall become null and void and new Stock Acquisition Rights in the Reorganized Company shall be issued. However, the new Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted only if provisions for granting them in accordance with the following conditions (i-viii) are included as conditions in a merger agreement (in which the Company is merged into a Reorganized Company or a Reorganized Company is established as the result of the merger), a corporate split agreement (in which a division of the Company is merged into a Reorganized Company), a plan for a corporate split (in which a division of the Company is spun off to establish a Reorganized Company), a share exchange agreement or a plan for transfer of shares(in which the Company becomes a fully-owned subsidiary of a Reorganized Company).

	i.		Number of the Stock Acquisition Rights of a Reorganized Company to be granted
			At the time the Restructuring Actions take effect, each holder of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights shall be granted the Stock Acquisition Rights of which the number is equivalent to the number of such Rights held at the Reorganized Company.
	ii.		Type of shares of the Reorganized Company to be issued for the Stock Acquisition Rights
			Type of shares subject to the Stock Acquisition Rights shall be common stock of the Reorganized Company.
	iii.		Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be issued upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The number of shares shall be determined in accordance with’3’ above, after taking into consideration the conditions or other factors concerning the Restructuring Actions.
	iv.		Amount of assets to be paid upon the exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The amount of assets to be paid upon the exercise of newly granted Stock Acquisition Rights shall be the amount obtainable by multiplying JPY 1 per each one (1) share the Exercise Price to be adjusted after taking into consideration the conditions and other factors concerning the Restructuring Actions, by the number of shares to be issued for each acquisition right as determined in ‘14. iii’ above.
	v.		Exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The Exercise Period shall begin on either the first date of the exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights stipulated in ‘9’ above, or on the date that the Restructuring Actions take effect, whichever comes later, and shall continue to the final date of the exercise period for the Stock Acquisition Rights stipulated in ‘9’ above.
	vi.		Increase in paid-in capital and capital surplus in the event of the issuance of shares upon exercise of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			Such increases shall be determined based on ‘12’ above.
	vii.		Restriction on Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by Transfer
			Acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights by transfer shall required to be approved by the Reorganized Company.

	viii.		Provisions pertaining to acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights
			The Stock Acquisition Rights do not contain the provisions pertaining to the acquisition of the Stock Acquisition Rights.

15.

In case where the number of shares to be issued or transferred to the holders of the Stock Acquisition Rights includes any fraction less than one (1) share, such fraction shall be rounded down.

[Reference]

(1)		Date of the resolution of the Board of Directors pursuant to which it was decided to submit the proposal regarding Stock Acquisition Rights for shareholder approval at the 141th Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders: April 27, 2010
(2)		Date of the resolution of shareholders at the 140th Ordinary General Meeting of shareholders approving the issuance of the Stock Acquisition Rights: June 23, 2010

(end)

		Komatsu Ltd.
		Corporate Communications Dept.
		Tel: +81-(0)3-5561-2616
		Date: July 13, 2010
		URL: http://www.komatsu.com/

Additional Information Concerning Sales and Service Subsidiary in Australia

Komatsu Ltd. (hereinafter “Komatsu”) (President and CEO: Kunio Noji) has made some decisions about additional matters concerning the establishment of a sales and service subsidiary in Australia, which were undecided in the news release of December 25, 2009. That information follows below.

Additional information is underlined.

Outline of the New Company

1) Name: Komatsu Australia Pty Ltd

2) Address: Level 1, 2 Richardson Place Riverside Corporate Park, North Ryde NSW 2113, Australia

3) Representative: William Pike

4) Line of business: Sales and service of construction and mining equipment in Oceania

5) Capital: AUD 30 million (Approx. JPY 2.3 billion, at AUD 1 = JPY 77)

6) Date of establishment: August 1, 2010

7) Equity holding ratio: 100% by Komatsu Australia Pty Ltd *

(end)

For Immediate Release

		Komatsu Ltd.
		Corporate Communications Dept.
		Tel: +81-(0)3-5561-2616
		Date: July 13, 2010
		URL: http://www.komatsu.com/

Announcement Concerning the Revision of Projected Business Results

Komatsu Ltd. (President & CEO: Kunio Noji) has revised the projections for consolidated and non-consolidated business results for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2011, which the Company announced on April 27, 2010.

1. Projections for Consolidated Business Results for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2011 (U.S. GAAP)

1) Interim period (From April 1, 2010 to September 30, 2010)

Millions of yen except per share amounts

		Earlier				Current												Interim results
		projections				projections				Changes								for FY ended
		(A)				(B)				(B)-(A)								March 31, 2010
Net sales			815,000				870,000				55,000				6.7	%			645,963
Operating income			68,000				90,000				22,000				32.4	%			19,785
Income before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies			64,000				86,000				22,000				34.4	%			18,452
Net income attributable to Komatsu Ltd.			37,000				52,000				15,000				40.5	%			8,198
Net income attributable to Komatsu Ltd. per share (Yen)			38.22				53.72				—				—				8.47

2) Full-year (From April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011)

Millions of yen except per share amounts

		Earlier				Current												Results for FY
		projections				projections				Changes								ended March 31,
		(A)				(B)				(B)-(A)								2010
Net sales			1,660,000				1,715,000				55,000				3.3	%			1,431,564
Operating income			157,000				179,000				22,000				14.0	%			67,035
Income before income taxes and equity in earnings of affiliated companies			149,000				171,000				22,000				14.8	%			64,979
Net income attributable to Komatsu Ltd.			90,000				105,000				15,000				16.7	%			33,559
Net income attributable to Komatsu Ltd. per share (Yen)			92.97				108.47				—				—				34.67

2. Projections for Non-consolidated Business Results for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2011

1) Full-year (From April 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011)

Millions of yen except per share amounts

		Earlier				Current												Results for FY
		projections				projections				Changes								ended March 31,
		(A)				(B)				(B)-(A)								2010
Net sales			600,000				665,000				65,000				10.8	%			457,676
Operating profit (loss)			45,000				65,000				20,000				44.4	%			(26,829	)
Ordinary profit (loss)			52,000				72,000				20,000				38.5	%			(1,120	)
Net income			27,000				40,000				13,000				48.1	%			2,378
Net income per share (Yen)			27.88				41.30				—				—				2.46

Note:  Only full-year projections are disclosed for non-consolidated business results.

3. Reasons for the Revision

In the first half period, demand for construction and mining equipment has been growing more than projected in Asia and Latin America. Furthermore, demand in North America and Japan has been improving over the corresponding period a year ago. In this light, we have revised the projections of April 27, 2010 upward for both consolidated sales and profits for the first half period. In the second half, we are anticipating that we should be able to absorb any negative factors of the Japanese yen’s appreciation by capitalizing on steady demand and improving productivity. In this regard, we are not revising the projections of April 27, 2010 for the second half period. As preconditions for our current projections, we are assuming the foreign exchange rates in and after the second quarter will be as follows: USD 1 = JYP 88, EUR 1 = JPY 110, and RMB 1 = JPY13.

Cautionary Statement

The announcement set forth herein contains forward-looking statements which reflect management’s current views with respect to certain future events, including expected financial position, operating results, and business strategies. These statements can be identified by the use of terms such as “will,” “believes,” “should,” “projects” and similar terms and expressions that identify future events or expectations. Actual results may differ materially from those projected, and the events and results of such forward-looking assumptions cannot be assured. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted by such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, unanticipated changes in demand for the Company’s principal products, owing to changes in the economic conditions in the Company’s principal markets; changes in exchange rates or the impact of increased competition; unanticipated cost or delays encountered in achieving the Company’s objectives with respect to globalized product sourcing and new Information Technology tools; uncertainties as to the results of the Company’s research and development efforts and its ability to access and protect certain intellectual property rights; and, the impact of regulatory changes and accounting principles and practices.

(end)